UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

 

 

Form 10-K

 

 

Commission File Number 1-10989

 

 

 

 

VENTAS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 

 

(877) 483-6827

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 

 

 

 

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes o     No þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment of this Form 10-K.  þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes o     No þ

 

The aggregate market value of shares of the Registrant’s common stock, par value $0.25 per share, held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed by reference to the closing price of the common stock on June 30, 2010, was approximately $7.3 billion. For purposes of the foregoing calculation only, all directors and executive officers of the Registrant have been deemed affiliates.

 

As of February 11, 2011, 162,920,524 shares of the Registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 12, 2011 are incorporated by reference into Part III, Items 10 through 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

 

CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS

 

Unless otherwise indicated or except where the context otherwise requires, the terms “we,” “us” and “our” and other similar terms in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to Ventas, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 

Forward-Looking Statements

 

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements regarding our or our tenants’, operators’, managers’ or borrowers’ expected future financial position, results of operations, cash flows, funds from operations, dividends and dividend plans, financing plans, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, operating metrics, capital expenditures, competitive positions, acquisitions, investment opportunities, dispositions, merger integration, growth opportunities, expected lease income, continued qualification as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”), plans and objectives of management for future operations, and statements that include words such as “anticipate,” “if,” “believe,” “plan,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “will,” and other similar expressions are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are inherently uncertain, and security holders must recognize that actual results may differ from our expectations. We do not undertake a duty to update these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date on which they are made.

 

Our actual future results and trends may differ materially from expectations depending on a variety of factors discussed in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). These factors include without limitation:

 

 

 

Many of these factors, some of which are described in greater detail under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are beyond our control and the control of our management.

 

Kindred, Brookdale Senior Living and Sunrise Information

 

Each of Kindred, Brookdale Senior Living Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, which include Brookdale Living Communities, Inc. (“Brookdale”) and Alterra Healthcare Corporation (“Alterra”), “Brookdale Senior Living”) and Sunrise Senior Living, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, “Sunrise”) is subject to the reporting requirements of the SEC and is required to file with the SEC annual reports containing audited financial information and quarterly reports containing unaudited financial information. The information related to Kindred, Brookdale Senior Living and Sunrise contained or referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is derived from filings made by Kindred, Brookdale Senior Living or Sunrise, as the case may be, with the SEC or other publicly available information, or has been provided to us by Kindred, Brookdale Senior Living or Sunrise. We have not verified this information either through an independent investigation or by reviewing Kindred’s, Brookdale Senior Living’s or Sunrise’s public filings. We have no reason to believe that this information is inaccurate in any material respect, but we cannot assure you that all of this information is accurate. Kindred’s, Brookdale Senior Living’s and Sunrise’s filings with the SEC can be found at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. We are providing this data for informational purposes only, and you are encouraged to obtain Kindred’s, Brookdale Senior Living’s and Sunrise’s publicly available filings from the SEC.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

 

BUSINESS

 

Overview

 

We are a REIT with a geographically diverse portfolio of seniors housing and healthcare properties in the United States and Canada. As of December 31, 2010, our portfolio consisted of 602 assets: 240 seniors housing communities, 187 skilled nursing facilities, 40 hospitals and 135 medical office buildings (“MOBs”) and other properties in 43 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and two Canadian provinces. With the exception of our seniors housing communities that are managed by independent third parties, such as Sunrise, pursuant to long-term management agreements and certain of our MOBs, including those acquired in connection with our Lillibridge Healthcare Services, Inc. (“Lillibridge”) acquisition (see “Note 4 — Acquisitions of Real Estate Property” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K), we lease our properties to healthcare operating companies under “triple-net” or “absolute-net” leases, which require the tenants to pay all property-related expenses. We also had real estate loan and other investments relating to seniors housing and healthcare companies or properties as of December 31, 2010.

 

Our primary business consists of acquiring, financing and owning seniors housing and healthcare properties and leasing those properties to third parties or operating those properties through independent third party managers. Through our Lillibridge subsidiary, we also provide management, leasing, marketing, facility development and advisory services to highly rated hospitals and health systems throughout the United States.

 

In October 2010, we signed a definitive agreement to acquire substantially all of the real estate assets of privately-owned Atria Senior Living Group, Inc. (together with its affiliates, “Atria”) for a total purchase price of $3.1 billion, comprised of $1.35 billion of our common stock (a fixed 24.96 million shares), $150 million in cash and the assumption or repayment of $1.6 billion of net debt. We will acquire from Atria 118 private pay seniors housing communities located primarily in affluent coastal markets such as the New York metropolitan area, New England and California. Atria, based in Louisville, Kentucky, is owned by private equity funds managed by Lazard Real Estate Partners. Prior to the closing, Atria will spin off its management company, which will continue to operate the acquired assets under long-term management agreements with us. Completion of the transaction is subject to certain conditions. We expect to complete the transaction in the first half of 2011, although we cannot assure you that the transaction will close on such timetable or at all.

 

We were incorporated in Kentucky in 1983, commenced operations in 1985 and reorganized as a Delaware corporation in 1987. We operate through three reportable business segments: triple-net leased properties, senior living operations and MOB operations. See our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes, including “Note 2 — Accounting Policies,” included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Business Strategy

 

Our business strategy is comprised of three principal objectives: (1) generating consistent, reliable and growing cash flows; (2) maintaining a well-diversified portfolio; and (3) preserving our investment grade balance sheet and liquidity.

 

Consistent, Reliable and Growing Cash Flows

 

Our primary objective is to enhance shareholder value by generating consistent, reliable and growing cash flows through healthcare and seniors housing assets. To achieve this objective, we seek to balance our portfolio of healthcare and seniors housing properties with a combination of long-term triple-net leases that provide steady contractual growth, seniors housing operating assets that provide higher growth potential and MOBs that provide long-term stable cash flows.

Well-Diversified Portfolio

 

We believe that maintaining a portfolio of properties and real estate loan investments diversified by asset class, tenant/operator, geography, revenue source and business model makes us less susceptible to regional economic downturns and adverse changes in regulation or reimbursement rates or methodologies in any single state. Portfolio diversification also reduces our exposure to any single tenant/operator and the risk that a single event could materially harm our business.

 

Investment Grade Balance Sheet and Liquidity

 

Having a strong balance sheet and liquidity positions us favorably for growth and also reduces risk. We seek to protect our capital and invest profitably by actively managing our leverage, lowering our cost of capital and maintaining multiple sources of liquidity, such as unsecured bank debt, mortgage financings and access to the public debt and equity markets.

 

Portfolio of Properties and Other Investments

 

As of December 31, 2010, we had: 100% ownership interests in 538 of our properties, including all 79 of our seniors housing communities managed by Sunrise; controlling interests in six MOBs owned through joint ventures with partners who provide management and leasing services for the properties; and noncontrolling interests ranging between 5% and 20% in 58 MOBs owned through joint ventures with institutional third party partners. Through our Lillibridge subsidiary, we also managed an additional 31 MOBs for third parties as of December 31, 2010.

 

The following table provides an overview of our portfolio of properties and other investments as of and for the year ended December 31, 2010:

 

 

 

nm — not meaningful.

 

 

Seniors Housing and Healthcare Properties

 

Seniors Housing Communities.  Our seniors housing communities include independent and assisted living communities, and communities providing care for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia or memory loss. These communities offer residential units on a month-to-month basis primarily to elderly individuals requiring various levels of assistance. Basic services for residents of these communities include housekeeping, meals in a central dining area and group activities organized by the staff with input from the residents. More extensive care and personal supervision, at additional fees, are also available for such needs as eating, bathing, grooming, transportation, limited therapeutic programs and medication administration, all of which encourage the residents to live as independently as possible according to their abilities. These services are often met by home health providers, close coordination with the resident’s physician and skilled nursing facilities.

 

Skilled Nursing Facilities.  Our skilled nursing facilities typically provide nursing care services to the elderly and rehabilitation and restoration services, including physical, occupational and speech therapies, and other medical treatment for patients and residents who do not require the high technology, care-intensive setting of an acute care or rehabilitation hospital.

 

Hospitals.  Substantially all of our hospitals are operated as long-term acute care hospitals, which are hospitals that have a Medicare average length of stay greater than 25 days that serve medically complex, chronically ill patients who require a high level of monitoring and specialized care, but whose conditions do not necessitate the continued services of an intensive care unit. The operators of these hospitals have the capability to treat patients who suffer from multiple systemic failures or conditions such as neurological disorders, head injuries, brain stem and spinal cord trauma, cerebral vascular accidents, chemical brain injuries, central nervous system disorders, developmental anomalies and cardiopulmonary disorders. Chronic patients are often dependent on technology for continued life support, such as mechanical ventilators, total parenteral nutrition, respiration or cardiac monitors and dialysis machines, and, therefore, due to their severe medical conditions, these patients generally are not clinically appropriate for admission to a nursing facility or rehabilitation hospital. Our hospitals are freestanding facilities, and we do not own any “hospitals within hospitals.” We also own two rehabilitation hospitals devoted to the rehabilitation of patients with various neurological, musculoskeletal, orthopedic and other medical conditions following stabilization of their acute medical issues.

 

Medical Office Buildings.  Our MOBs offer office space primarily to physicians and other healthcare businesses. While these properties are similar to commercial office buildings, they require more plumbing, electrical and mechanical systems to accommodate multiple physicians’ offices and examination rooms that may have sinks in every room, brighter lights and specialized medical equipment. MOBs are typically multi-tenant properties leased to multiple healthcare providers (hospitals and physician practices). As of December 31, 2010, our owned and managed MOB portfolio consisted of over 8.8 million square feet.

 

Other Properties.  Our other properties consist of personal care facilities, which provide specialized care, including supported living services, neurorehabilitation, neurobehavioral management and vocational programs, for persons with acquired or traumatic brain injury.

 

Other Investments

 

As of December 31, 2010, we had $149.3 million of net loans receivable secured by seniors housing and healthcare companies or properties. See “Note 6 — Loans Receivable” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

As of December 31, 2010, we also had marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale, with a cost basis of $61.9 million and a fair market value of $66.7 million.

 

Geographic Diversification

 

Our portfolio of seniors housing and healthcare properties is broadly diversified by geographic location in the United States and Canada, with properties in only two states comprising more than 10% of our 2010 total

revenues. The following table shows our rental income and resident fees and services derived by geographic location for our portfolio of properties for the year ended December 31, 2010:

 

 

 

 

Segment Information

 

As of December 31, 2010, we operated through three reportable business segments: triple-net leased properties, senior living operations and MOB operations. See “Note 19 — Segment Information” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information about our business segments and the geographic diversification of our portfolio of properties.

 

Certificates of Need

 

A majority of our skilled nursing facilities and hospitals are located in states that have certificate of need (“CON”) requirements. A CON, which is issued by a governmental agency with jurisdiction over healthcare facilities, is at times required for expansion of existing facilities, construction of new facilities, addition of beds, acquisition of major items of equipment or introduction of new services. The CON rules and regulations may restrict our or our operators’ ability to expand our properties in certain circumstances.

 

The following table shows the percentage of our rental income derived by skilled nursing facilities and hospitals in states with and without CON requirements for the year ended December 31, 2010:

 

Significant Tenants, Operators and Managers

 

As of December 31, 2010, approximately 37.9%, 19.7% and 13.1% of our properties, based on the gross book value of real estate investments, were managed or operated by Sunrise, Brookdale Senior Living and Kindred, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2010 (including amounts in discontinued operations):

 

 

Triple-Net Leased Properties

 

Each of our Kindred Master Leases and our leases with Brookdale Senior Living is a triple-net lease pursuant to which the tenant is required to pay all taxes, utilities and maintenance and repairs related to the properties and to maintain and pay all insurance covering the properties and their operations. In addition, the tenants are required to comply with the terms of the mortgage financing documents, if any, affecting the properties.

 

In view of the fact that Kindred and Brookdale Senior Living lease a substantial portion of our triple-net leased properties and each contributes a significant portion of our total revenues and NOI, Kindred’s and Brookdale Senior Living’s financial condition and ability and willingness to satisfy their obligations under their respective leases and other agreements with us, and their willingness to renew those leases upon expiration of the initial base terms thereof, significantly impact our results of operations and ability to service our indebtedness and to make distributions to our stockholders. We cannot assure you that either Kindred or Brookdale Senior Living will have sufficient assets, income and access to financing to enable it to satisfy those obligations, and any inability or unwillingness on its part to do so would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity, on our ability to service our indebtedness and other obligations and on our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, as required for us to continue to qualify as a REIT (a “Material Adverse Effect”). We also cannot assure you that either Kindred or Brookdale Senior Living will elect to renew its leases with us upon expiration of the initial base terms or any renewal terms thereof or that, if some or all of those leases are not renewed, we will be able to reposition the affected properties on a timely basis or on the same or better terms, if at all. See “Risks Factors — Risks Arising from Our Business — We depend on Kindred and Brookdale Senior Living for a significant portion of our revenues and operating income; Any inability or unwillingness by Kindred or Brookdale Senior Living to satisfy its obligations under its agreements with us could have a Material Adverse Effect on us” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Kindred Master Leases.  We lease 197 properties to Kindred. The aggregate annual rent we receive under each Kindred Master Lease is referred to as “Base Rent.” Base Rent escalates on May 1 of each year at a specified rate over the “Prior Period Base Rent” (as defined in the applicable Kindred Master Lease), contingent upon the satisfaction of specified facility revenue parameters. The annual rent escalator is 2.7% under Kindred Master Leases 1, 3 and 4. The annual rent escalator under Kindred Master Lease 2 is based on year-over-year changes in the Consumer Price Index, with a floor of 2.25% and a ceiling of 4%. Assuming the applicable facility revenue parameters are met, we currently expect that Base Rent due under the Kindred Master Leases will be approximately $254.9 million from May 1, 2011 through April 30, 2012. See “Note 3 — Concentration of Credit Risk” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The properties we lease to Kindred pursuant to the Kindred Master Leases are grouped into bundles that contain a varying number of properties. All properties within a single bundle have the same primary lease term of ten to fifteen years from May 1, 1998 and, provided certain conditions are satisfied, are subject to three five-year renewal terms. Kindred has renewed, through April 30, 2013, its leases covering all 57 properties owned by us with a primary lease term that expired on April 30, 2008. Kindred has also renewed, through April 30, 2015, its leases covering all 109 properties owned by us (one of which we subsequently sold in June 2009) with a primary lease term that expired on April 30, 2010. Kindred retains two sequential five-year renewal options for all 165 of these assets.

 

The current lease term for each of ten bundles covering 89 properties leased to Kindred will expire on April 30, 2013 unless Kindred provides us with renewal notices with respect to those individual bundles on or before April 30, 2012. The ten bundles expiring in 2013 currently represent $120 million of annual Base Rent from May 1, 2010 through April 30, 2011. Each bundle contains six or more properties, including at least one hospital. Kindred is required to continue to perform all of its obligations under the applicable lease for the properties within any bundle that is not renewed until expiration of the term on April 30, 2013, including without limitation, payment of all rental amounts. Therefore, for any bundles that are not renewed, we will have at least one year to arrange for the repositioning of the applicable properties with new operators. In addition, we own or have the rights to all licenses and CONs at the properties, and Kindred has extensive and detailed obligations to cooperate and ensure an orderly transition of the properties to another operator. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you, if Kindred does not renew one or more bundles, that we would be successful in identifying suitable replacement operators or that we will be able to enter into leases with new tenants or operators on terms as favorable to us as our current leases, if at all. See “Risk Factors — Risks Arising from Our Business — We may be unable to reposition our properties on as favorable terms, or at all, if we have to replace any of our tenants or operators, and we may be subject to delays, limitations and expenses in repositioning our assets” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Brookdale Senior Living Leases.  Our leases with Brookdale have primary terms of fifteen years, which commenced January 28, 2004 (in the case of ten “Grand Court” properties we acquired in 2004) or October 19, 2004 (in the case of the properties we acquired in connection with our Provident Senior Living Trust (“Provident”) acquisition), and, provided certain conditions are satisfied, are subject to two ten-year renewal terms. Our leases with Alterra also have primary terms of fifteen years, which commenced October 20, 2004 or December 16, 2004 (both in the case of properties we acquired in connection with our Provident acquisition), and, provided certain conditions are satisfied, are subject to two five-year renewal terms. Brookdale Senior Living guarantees all of Brookdale’s and Alterra’s obligations under these leases, and all of our Brookdale Senior Living leases are cross-defaulted.

 

Under the terms of the Brookdale leases we assumed in connection with our Provident acquisition, Brookdale is obligated to pay base rent, which escalates on January 1 of each year by an amount equal to the lesser of (i) four times the percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index during the immediately preceding year or (ii) 3%. Under the terms of the Brookdale leases with respect to our “Grand Court” properties, Brookdale is obligated to pay base rent, which escalates on February 1 of each year by an amount equal to the greater of (i) 2% or (ii) 75% of the increase in the Consumer Price Index during the immediately preceding year. Under the terms of the Alterra leases, Alterra is obligated to pay base rent, which escalates on January 1 or November 1 of each year by an amount equal to the lesser of (i) four times the percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index during the immediately preceding year or (ii) 2.5%. The aggregate annual contractual cash base rent expected from Brookdale Senior Living for 2011 is approximately $113.1 million, excluding variable interest Brookdale is obligated to pay as additional rent based on certain floating rate mortgage debt assumed by us in connection with our Provident acquisition. The aggregate annual contractual base rent (computed in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”)), excluding the variable interest, expected from Brookdale Senior Living for 2011 is approximately $117.2 million. See “Note 3 — Concentration of Credit Risk” and “Note 13 — Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Senior Living Operations

 

Sunrise currently provides comprehensive accounting and property management services with respect to 79 of our seniors housing communities pursuant to long-term management agreements. Each management agreement has a term of 30 years from its effective date, the earliest of which began in 2004. In December 2010, we and Sunrise modified the management agreements to, among other things, reduce the management fee paid to Sunrise for the period from April 1, 2010 through December 31, 2010 and for all of 2011 to 3.50% and 3.75% per annum, respectively, after which the annual base management fee will equal 6% of revenues (with a range of 5% to 7%), cap the amount of incentive management fees payable to Sunrise and allocated “shared services” expenses, provide enhanced rights and remedies for us in the event of a Sunrise default and reallocate the NOI performance thresholds to include a cushion for all 79 communities. See “Note 3 — Concentration of Credit Risk” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Although we have various rights as owner under the Sunrise management agreements, we rely on Sunrise’s personnel, good faith, expertise, historical performance, technical resources and information systems, proprietary information and judgment to manage our seniors housing communities efficiently and effectively. We also rely on Sunrise to set resident fees and otherwise operate those properties in compliance with our management agreements. Because Sunrise manages a significant portion of our properties, Sunrise’s inability to efficiently and effectively manage those properties and to provide timely and accurate accounting information with respect thereto could have a Material Adverse Effect on us. In addition, Sunrise’s inability or unwillingness to satisfy its obligations under our management agreements, changes in Sunrise’s senior management or any adverse developments in Sunrise’s business and affairs or financial condition could have a Material Adverse Effect on us. See “Risk Factors — Risks Arising from Our Business — The properties managed by Sunrise account for a significant portion of our revenues and operating income; Adverse developments in Sunrise’s business and affairs or financial condition could have a Material Adverse Effect on us” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Competition

 

We generally compete for real property investments with other healthcare REITs, healthcare operators, healthcare lenders, developers, real estate partnerships, banks, insurance companies, pension funds, private equity firms and other investors. Some of our competitors may have greater financial resources and lower costs of capital than we do. Increased competition makes it more challenging for us to identify and successfully capitalize on opportunities that meet our objectives. Our ability to compete successfully for real property investments is affected by, among other factors, the availability of suitable acquisition or investment targets, our ability to negotiate acceptable acquisition or investment terms and our access to and cost of capital. See “Risk Factors — Risks Arising from Our Business — We may encounter certain risks when implementing our business strategy to pursue investments in, and/or acquisitions or development of, additional seniors housing and/or healthcare assets” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and “Note 9 — Borrowing Arrangements” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Revenues from our properties are dependent on the ability of the operators and managers of those properties to compete with other seniors housing and healthcare operators and managers. Operators and managers compete on a local and regional basis for residents, tenants and patients based on several factors. The operators and managers of our seniors housing communities, skilled nursing facilities and hospitals compete to attract and retain residents and patients based on the scope and quality of care and services provided, their ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, their reputation and financial condition, price, location and physical appearance of the properties, physician referrals and family preferences. The managers of our medical office buildings compete to attract and retain tenants based on many of the same factors, in addition to the quality of the affiliated health system, physician preferences and proximity to hospital campuses. Private, federal and state reimbursement programs and the effect of other laws and regulations also may have a significant impact on our operators’ and managers’ ability to compete successfully for residents, tenants and patients at our properties. See “Risk Factors — Risks Arising from Our Business — Our tenants,

operators and managers may be adversely affected by increasing healthcare regulation and enforcement” and “— Changes in the reimbursement rates or methods of payment from third-party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, could have a material adverse effect on certain of our tenants and operators” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Employees

 

As of December 31, 2010, we had 263 full-time employees, including 196 employees at our Lillibridge subsidiary. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

 

Insurance

 

We maintain and/or require in our existing leases and other agreements that our tenants, operators and managers maintain all applicable lines of insurance on our properties and their operations. For example, pursuant to the terms of the Kindred Master Leases, Kindred is required to maintain, at its expense, specified types and minimum levels of insurance coverage related to the leased properties and Kindred’s operations at those properties. We believe that our tenants, operators and managers are in compliance with the insurance requirements contained in their respective leases and other agreements with us; however, we cannot assure you that such parties will maintain the required insurance coverages, and the failure by any of them to do so could have a Material Adverse Effect on us. We also cannot assure you that we will continue to require the same levels of insurance coverage under our leases and other agreements.

 

We maintain casualty insurance for our seniors housing communities managed by Sunrise, but Sunrise currently maintains the general and professional liability insurance covering those properties and their related operations in accordance with the standards contained in our management agreements. Under the management agreements, we may elect, on an annual basis, whether we or Sunrise will bear responsibility for maintaining the required insurance coverage for our Sunrise-managed properties, but the costs of such insurance are facility expenses paid from the revenues of those properties, regardless of who maintains the insurance.

 

As part of our MOB development business, we provide engineering, construction and architectural services, and design, construction or systems failures may result in substantial injury or damage to clients and/or third parties. Injury or damage claims may arise in the ordinary course and may be asserted with respect to ongoing or completed projects. Although we maintain liability insurance, if any claim results in a loss, we cannot assure you that our insurance coverage would be adequate to cover the loss in full. If we sustain losses in excess of our insurance coverage, we may be required to make a payment for the difference and could lose our investment in, and/or experience reduced profits and cash flows from, the affected MOB, which could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

We believe that the amount and scope of insurance coverage provided by our policies and the policies maintained by our tenants, operators and managers are customary for similarly situated companies in our industry. We cannot assure you that in the future we or our tenants, operators and managers will be able to maintain the same levels of insurance coverage or that such insurance will be available at a reasonable cost. In addition, we cannot give any assurances as to the future financial viability of our insurers or that the insurance coverage provided will fully cover all losses on our properties upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event.

 

In an effort to reduce and manage costs and for various other reasons, many healthcare providers are pursuing different organizational and corporate structures coupled with self-insurance programs that may provide them with less insurance coverage. As a result, the tenants, operators and managers of our properties could incur large funded and unfunded professional liability expense, which could have a material adverse effect on their liquidity, financial condition and results of operations and, in turn, on their ability to make rental payments under, or otherwise comply with the terms of, their respective leases and other agreements with us, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Additional Information

 

We maintain a website at www.ventasreit.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and our web address is included as an inactive textual reference only.

 

We make available, free of charge, through our website our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. In addition, our Guidelines on Governance, the charters for each of our Audit and Compliance, Nominating and Corporate Governance and Executive Compensation Committees and our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct are available on our website, and we will mail copies of the foregoing documents to stockholders, free of charge, upon request to our Corporate Secretary at Ventas, Inc., 10350 Ormsby Park Place, Suite 300, Louisville, Kentucky 40223.

 

GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION

 

Healthcare Regulation

 

Overview

 

While the properties within our portfolio are all susceptible to many varying types of regulation, we expect that the healthcare industry, in general, will continue to face increased regulation and pressure in the areas of fraud, waste and abuse, cost control, healthcare management and provision of services, among others. A significant expansion of applicable federal, state or local laws and regulations, previously enacted or future healthcare reform, new interpretations of existing laws and regulations or changes in enforcement priorities could have a material adverse effect on certain of our operators’ liquidity, financial condition and results of operations, which, in turn, could adversely impact their ability to satisfy their contractual obligations, including making rental payments under, or otherwise complying with the terms of, their leases with us. In addition, efforts by third-party payors, such as the federal Medicare program, state Medicaid programs and private insurance carriers, including health maintenance organizations and other health plans, to impose greater discounts and more stringent cost controls upon operators (through changes in reimbursement rates and methodologies, discounted fee structures, the assumption by healthcare providers of all or a portion of the financial risk or otherwise) are expected to intensify and continue. Significant limits on the scope of services reimbursed and on reimbursement rates and fees could also have a material adverse effect on certain of our operators’ liquidity, financial condition and results of operations, which could affect adversely their ability to satisfy their contractual obligations, including making rental payments under, and otherwise complying with the terms of, their leases with us.

 

Licensure and Certification

 

Participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs generally requires the operators of our skilled nursing facilities to be licensed on an annual or bi-annual basis and certified annually through various regulatory agencies that determine compliance with federal, state and local laws. These legal requirements relate to the quality of the nursing care provided, qualifications of the administrative personnel and nursing staff, the adequacy of the physical plant and equipment and continuing compliance with the laws and regulations governing the operation of skilled nursing facilities. The failure of an operator to maintain or renew any required license or regulatory approval or to correct serious deficiencies identified in compliance surveys could prevent it from continuing operations at a property. A loss of licensure or certification could also adversely affect a skilled nursing facility operator’s ability to receive payments from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, which, in turn, could affect adversely their ability to satisfy their contractual obligations, including making rental payments under, and otherwise complying with the terms of, their leases with us.

 

Similarly, in order to receive Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, our hospitals must meet the applicable conditions of participation set forth by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

(“HHS”) relating to the type of hospital and its equipment, personnel and standard of medical care, as well as comply with state and local laws and regulations. Hospitals undergo periodic on-site licensure surveys, which generally are limited if the hospital is accredited by The Joint Commission (formerly the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) or other recognized accreditation organizations. A loss of licensure or certification could adversely affect a hospital’s ability to receive payments from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, which, in turn, could adversely affect their ability to satisfy their contractual obligations, including making rental payments under, and otherwise complying with the terms of, their leases with us.

 

Seniors housing communities are subject to relatively few, if any, federal regulations. Instead, to the extent they are regulated, the regulation is conducted mainly by state and local laws governing licensure, provision of services, staffing requirements and other operational matters. These laws vary greatly from one jurisdiction to another. Although recent growth in the U.S. seniors housing industry has attracted the attention of various federal agencies that believe more federal regulation of these properties is necessary, thus far, Congress has deferred to state regulation of seniors housing communities. However, as a result of this growth and increased federal scrutiny, some states have revised and strengthened their regulation of seniors housing communities, and more states are expected to do the same in the future.

 

Certificates of Need

 

Skilled nursing facilities and hospitals are subject to various state CON laws requiring governmental approval prior to the development or expansion of healthcare facilities and services. The approval process in these states generally requires a facility to demonstrate the need for additional or expanded healthcare facilities or services. CONs, where applicable, are sometimes necessary for expansion of existing facilities, construction of new facilities, changes in ownership or control of licensed facilities, addition of beds, investment in major capital equipment, introduction of new services or termination of services previously approved through the CON process. These CON laws and regulations may restrict an operator’s ability to expand our properties and grow its business in certain circumstances, which could have an effect on the operator’s revenues and, in turn, adversely impact us. In addition, in the event that any operator of our properties fails to make rental payments to us or to comply with applicable healthcare regulations, our ability to evict that operator and substitute another operator for a particular facility may be materially delayed or limited by CON laws, as well as by various state licensing and receivership laws and Medicare and Medicaid change-of-ownership rules. Such delays and limitations could have a material adverse effect on our ability to collect rent, to obtain possession of leased properties, or otherwise to exercise remedies for tenant default. We may also incur substantial additional expenses in connection with any such licensing, receivership or change-of-ownership proceedings.

 

Fraud and Abuse

 

Various federal and state laws and regulations prohibit a wide variety of fraud and abuse by healthcare providers who participate in, receive payments from or make or receive referrals for work in connection with government-funded healthcare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. The federal laws include, by way of example, the following:

 

 

 

Sanctions for violating these federal laws include criminal and civil penalties such as punitive sanctions, damage assessments, monetary penalties, imprisonment, denial of Medicare and Medicaid payments, and/or exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs. These laws also impose an affirmative duty on operators to ensure that they do not employ or contract with persons excluded from the Medicare and other government programs.

 

Many states have adopted or are considering legislative proposals similar to the federal anti-fraud and abuse laws, some of which extend beyond the Medicare and Medicaid programs, to prohibit the payment or receipt of remuneration for the referral of patients and physician self-referrals, regardless of whether the service was reimbursed by Medicare or Medicaid. Many states have also adopted or are considering legislative proposals to increase patient protections, such as minimum staffing levels, criminal background checks, and limiting the use and disclosure of patient specific health information. These state laws also impose criminal and civil penalties similar to the federal laws.

 

In the ordinary course of their business, the operators of our properties have been and are subject regularly to inquiries, investigations and audits by federal and state agencies that oversee applicable laws and regulations. Increased funding through recent federal and state legislation has led to significant growth in the number of investigations and enforcement actions over the past several years. Private enforcement of healthcare fraud has also increased, due in large part to amendments to the civil False Claims Act in 1986 that were designed to encourage private individuals to sue on behalf of the government. These whistleblower suits by private individuals, known as qui tam suits, may be filed by almost anyone, including present and former patients or nurses and other employees. HIPAA also created a series of new healthcare crimes.

 

As federal and state budget pressures continue, administrative agencies may continue to escalate their investigation and enforcement efforts to eliminate waste and to control fraud and abuse in governmental healthcare programs. A violation of any of these federal and state anti-fraud and abuse laws and regulations by an operator of our properties could have a material adverse effect on the operator’s liquidity, financial condition or results of operations, which could adversely their ability to satisfy their contractual obligations, including making rental payments under, and otherwise complying with the terms of, their leases with us.

 

Healthcare Legislation

 

In March 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, along with a reconciliation measure, the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “Affordable Care Act”). The passage of the Affordable Care Act has resulted in comprehensive reform legislation that is expected to expand health care coverage to millions of currently uninsured people beginning in 2014. To help fund this expansion, the Affordable Care Act outlines certain reductions in Medicare reimbursement rates for various healthcare providers, including long-term acute care hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, as well as certain other changes to Medicare payment methodologies.

 

The Affordable Care Act, among other things, reduces the inflationary market basket increase included in standard federal payment rates for long-term acute care hospitals by 25 basis points in fiscal year 2010, 50 basis points in fiscal year 2011, 10 basis points in fiscal years 2012 and 2013, 30 basis points in fiscal year 2014, 20 basis points in fiscal years 2015 and 2016, and 75 basis points in fiscal years 2017 through 2019. In addition, under the Affordable Care Act, long-term acute care hospitals and skilled nursing facilities will be subject to a rate adjustment to the market basket increase, beginning in fiscal year 2012, to reflect improvements in productivity.

 

Healthcare is one of the largest industries in the United States and continues to attract a great deal of legislative interest and public attention. We cannot assure you that previously enacted or future healthcare

reform legislation or changes in the administration or implementation of governmental and non-governmental healthcare reimbursement programs will not have a material adverse effect on our operators’ liquidity, financial condition or results of operations, or on their ability to satisfy their obligations to us, which, in turn, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Medicare Reimbursement; Long-Term Acute Care Hospitals

 

The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (“BBA”) mandated the creation of a prospective payment system for long-term acute care hospitals (“LTAC PPS”), which became effective on October 1, 2002 for cost reporting periods commencing on or after that date. Under LTAC PPS, which classifies patients into distinct diagnostic groups based on clinical characteristics and expected resource needs, long-term acute care hospitals are reimbursed on a predetermined rate, rather than on a reasonable cost basis that reflects costs incurred. LTAC PPS requires payment for a Medicare beneficiary at a predetermined, per discharge amount for each defined patient category (called “Long-Term Care — Diagnosis Related Groups” or “LTC-DRGs”), adjusted for differences in area wage levels.

 

Updates to LTAC PPS payment rates are established by regulators and published annually for the long-term acute care hospital rate year, which historically has been July 1 through June 30. However, starting with the 2010 rate year, which commenced October 1, 2009, annual rate updates now coincide with annual updates to the LTC-DRG classification system, which correspond to the federal fiscal year (October 1 through September 30).

 

The Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Extension Act of 2007 (Pub. L. No. 110-173) (the “Medicare Extension Act”) significantly expanded medical necessity reviews by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) by requiring long-term acute care hospitals to institute a patient review process to better assess patients upon admission and on a continuing basis for appropriateness of care. In addition, the Medicare Extension Act, among other things, provided the following long-term acute care hospital payment policy changes, all of which were extended for two years by the Affordable Care Act:

 

 

Lastly, the Medicare Extension Act introduced a moratorium on new long-term acute care hospitals and beds for three years.

 

On May 22, 2008, CMS published a final rule addressing two LTAC PPS payment policies mandated by the Medicare Extension Act. The rule delayed the extension of the 25-percent rule to freestanding and grandfathered long-term acute care hospitals and increased the patient percentage thresholds for certain urban and rural long-term acute care “hospitals-within-hospitals” and “satellite” facilities for three years. The rule also set forth policies on implementing the moratorium on new long-term acute care hospitals and beds imposed by the Medicare Extension Act.

 

On August 27, 2009, CMS published a final rule which finalized policies to implement changes required by Section 124 of the Medicare Improvements for Patients & Providers Act of 2008 (Pub. L. No. 110-275). This rule continued reforms intended to improve the accuracy of Medicare payments for inpatient acute care through the severity-adjusted diagnosis-related group (MS-LTC-DRG) classification system for long-term acute care hospitals.

 

On August 16, 2010, CMS published its final rule updating LTAC PPS for the 2011 fiscal year (October 1, 2010 through September 30, 2011). Under the rule, the LTAC PPS standard federal payment rate in fiscal year

2011 reflects a 2.5% increase in the market basket index (before taking into account the 50 basis point reduction required by the Affordable Care Act), less a 2.5% adjustment to account for an increase in case-mix in fiscal year 2008 and 2009 that CMS attributes to changes in documentation and coding practices, rather than patient severity. CMS estimates that net payments to long-term acute care hospitals under the final rule would increase by approximately $22.3 million, or 0.5%, in fiscal year 2011 due to area wage adjustments, as well as increases in high-cost and short-stay outlier payments.

 

We regularly assess the financial implications of CMS’s rules on the operators of our long-term acute care hospitals, but we cannot assure you that the current rules or future updates to LTAC PPS, LTC-DRGs or Medicare reimbursement for long-term acute care hospitals will not materially adversely affect our operators, which, in turn, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us. See “Risk Factors — Risks Arising from Our Business — Changes in the reimbursement rates or methods of payment from third-party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, could have a material adverse effect on certain of our tenants and operators” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Medicare Reimbursement; Skilled Nursing Facilities

 

The BBA also mandated the creation of a prospective payment system for skilled nursing facilities (“SNF PPS”) offering Part A covered services. Under SNF PPS, payment amounts are based upon classifications determined through assessments of individual Medicare patients in the skilled nursing facility, rather than on the facility’s reasonable costs. SNF PPS payments are made on a per diem basis for each resident and are generally intended to cover all inpatient services for Medicare patients, including routine nursing care, most capital-related costs associated with the inpatient stay, and ancillary services, such as respiratory therapy, occupational and physical therapy, speech therapy and certain covered drugs.

 

In response to widespread healthcare industry concern about the reductions in payments under the BBA, the federal government enacted the Balanced Budget Refinement Act of 1999 (“BBRA”). The BBRA increased the per diem reimbursement rates for certain high acuity patients by 20% from April 1, 2000 until case mix refinements were implemented by CMS, as explained below. The BBRA also imposed a two-year moratorium on the annual cap mandated by the BBA on physical, occupational and speech therapy services provided to a patient by outpatient rehabilitation therapy providers, including Part B covered therapy services in nursing facilities. Relief from the BBA therapy caps was subsequently extended multiple times by Congress, but these extensions expired on December 31, 2009 and have not been renewed by Congress.

 

Pursuant to its final rule updating SNF PPS for the 2006 fiscal year, CMS refined the resource utilization groups (“RUGs”) used to determine the daily payment for beneficiaries in skilled nursing facilities by adding nine new payment categories. The result of this refinement, which became effective on January 1, 2006, was to eliminate the temporary add-on payments that Congress enacted as part of the BBRA.

 

Under its final rule updating LTC-DRGs for the 2007 fiscal year, CMS reduced reimbursement of uncollectible Medicare coinsurance amounts for all beneficiaries (other than beneficiaries of both Medicare and Medicaid) from 100% to 70% for skilled nursing facility cost reporting periods beginning on or after October 1, 2005. The rule also included various options for classifying and weighting patients transferred to a skilled nursing facility after a hospital stay less than the mean length of stay associated with that particular diagnosis-related group.

 

Under its final rule updating SNF PPS for the 2010 fiscal year CMS recalibrated the case-mix indexes for the resource utilization groups (RUGs) used to determine the daily payment for beneficiaries in skilled nursing facilities and implemented the RUG-IV classification model for skilled nursing facilities for fiscal year 2011; however, such implementation was delayed by the Affordable Care Act and will now occur in fiscal year 2012.

 

On July 22, 2010, CMS published its notice updating SNF PPS for the 2011 fiscal year (October 1, 2010 through September 30, 2011). Under the notice, the update to the SNF PPS standard federal payment rate for skilled nursing facilities includes a 2.3% increase in the market basket index for the 2011 fiscal year. The notice also provides a 0.6% negative adjustment due to an overestimated increase in the market basket index for the 2009 fiscal year. CMS estimates that net payments to skilled nursing facilities as a result of the market

basket increase and the adjustment under the notice would increase by approximately $542 million, or 1.7%, in fiscal year 2011.

 

The notice includes other provisions, such as the introduction of concurrent therapy, implementation of the MDS 3.0 assessment tool, changes to the look-back period and modification of the implementation schedule for the RUG-IV classification model, that may additionally affect net payments to skilled nursing facilities.

 

On November 2, 2010, CMS placed on public display its final Medicare Physician Fee Schedule rule for the 2011 calendar year, which became effective on January 1, 2011. The rule set a $1,870 cap on physical therapy and speech-language pathology services and a separate $1,870 cap on occupational therapy services, including therapy provided in skilled nursing facilities, both without an exceptions process. Congress passed the Medicare and Medicaid Extenders Act of 2010 (Pub. L. No. 111 309), which was signed into law on December 15, 2010, to lift the caps on therapy services and continue the exceptions process.

 

We regularly assess the financial implications of CMS’s rules on the operators of our skilled nursing facilities, but we cannot assure you that the current rules or future updates to SNF PPS, therapy services or Medicare reimbursement for skilled nursing facilities will not materially adversely impact our operators, which, in turn, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us. See “Risk Factors — Risks Arising from Our Business — Changes in the reimbursement rates or methods of payment from third-party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, could have a material adverse effect on certain of our tenants and operators” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Medicaid Reimbursement; Skilled Nursing Facilities

 

Approximately two-thirds of all nursing home residents are dependent on Medicaid. Medicaid reimbursement rates, however, typically are less than the amounts charged by the operators of our skilled nursing facilities. Although the federal government and the states share responsibility for financing Medicaid, states have a wide range of discretion, within certain federal guidelines, to determine eligibility and reimbursement methodology. In addition, federal legislation limits an operator’s ability to withdraw from the Medicaid program by restricting the eviction or transfer of Medicaid residents. As state budget pressures continue to escalate as result of the financial crisis, a significant number of states have announced actual or potential budget shortfalls. As a result of these shortfalls, states are reducing Medicaid expenditures by implementing “freezes” or cuts in Medicaid rates paid to providers, including hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, or by restricting eligibility and benefits.

 

In the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (Pub. L. No. 109 171), Congress made changes to the Medicaid program that were estimated to result in $10 billion in savings to the federal government over the five years following enactment of the legislation, primarily through the accounting practices some states use to calculate their matched payments and revising the qualifications for individuals who are eligible for Medicaid benefits. The changes made by CMS’s final rule updating SNF PPS for the 2006 federal fiscal year were also anticipated to reduce Medicaid payments to skilled nursing facility operators. In addition, as part of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 (Pub. L. No. 109-432), Congress reduced the ceiling on taxes that states may impose on healthcare providers and which would qualify for federal financial participation under Medicaid by 0.5%, from 6% to 5.5%. Nationally, it was anticipated that this reduction would have a negligible effect, impacting only those states with taxes in excess of 5.5%. The ceiling is scheduled to revert back to 6% on October 1, 2011. We have not ascertained the impact of this reduction on our skilled nursing facility operators.

 

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Pub. L. No. 111-5) (the “Recovery Act”), which was signed into law on February 17, 2009, provides additional funding for health care improvement, expansion and research, as well as Medicaid relief to the states. The Recovery Act temporarily increased federal payments to state Medicaid programs by $86.6 billion through, among other things, a 6.2% increase in the federal share of Medicaid expenditures across the board, with additional funds available depending on a state’s federal medical assistance percentage and unemployment rate. Though the Medicaid federal assistance payments were originally expected to expire on December 31, 2010, the President’s fiscal year 2011 budget submitted to Congress in February 2010 proposed, and Congress approved in August 2010, a six-month extension of those payments through June 30, 2011. The Recovery Act also requires states to promptly pay

nursing facilities under their Medicaid program, and precludes states, as a condition of receiving the additional funding, from heightening their Medicaid eligibility requirements.

 

As state reimbursement methodologies continue to evolve, at this time we expect significant Medicaid rate freezes or cuts or other program changes to be adopted by many states. In addition, the U.S. government may revoke, reduce or stop approving “provider taxes” that have the effect of increasing Medicaid payments to the states. We cannot predict the impact of such actions on our operators and we cannot assure you that payments under Medicaid are currently, or will be in the future, sufficient to fully reimburse our operators for the cost of providing skilled nursing services. Severe and widespread Medicaid rate cuts or freezes could have a material adverse effect on our skilled nursing facility operators, which, in turn, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Environmental Regulation

 

As a real property owner, we are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations regarding environmental, health and safety matters. These laws and regulations address, among other things, asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, fuel oil management, wastewater discharges, air emissions, radioactive materials, medical wastes, and hazardous wastes, and in certain cases, the costs of complying with these laws and regulations and the penalties for non-compliance can be substantial. Although we do not generally operate or manage our properties, we may be held primarily or jointly and severally liable for costs relating to the investigation and clean-up of any property from which there is or has been an actual or threatened release of a regulated material and any other affected properties, regardless of whether we knew of or caused the release. These costs typically are not limited by law or regulation and could exceed the property’s value. In addition, we may be liable for certain other costs, such as governmental fines and injuries to persons, property or natural resources, as a result of any such actual or threatened release. See “Risk Factors — Risks Arising from Our Business — If any of our properties are found to be contaminated, or if we become involved in any environmental disputes, we could incur substantial liabilities and costs” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Under the terms of our lease and management agreements, we generally have a right to indemnification by the current operators and managers of our properties for contamination caused by them. For example, the Kindred Master Leases provide that Kindred will indemnify us against any environmental claims (including penalties and clean-up costs) resulting from any condition arising in, on or under, or relating to, the leased properties at any time on or after the applicable lease commencement date and from any condition permitted to deteriorate on or after such date (including as a result of migration from adjacent properties not owned or operated by us or any of our affiliates other than Kindred and its direct affiliates). However, we cannot assure you that our operators and managers will have the financial capability or willingness to satisfy their respective indemnification obligations to us, and any such inability or unwillingness to do so may require us to satisfy the underlying environmental claims. See “Risk Factors — Risks Arising from Our Business — We depend on Kindred and Brookdale Senior Living for a significant portion of our revenues and operating income; Any inability or unwillingness by Kindred or Brookdale Senior Living to satisfy its obligations under its agreements with us could have a Material Adverse Effect on us” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

In general, we have also agreed to indemnify our tenants against any environmental claims (including penalties and clean-up costs) resulting from any condition arising in, on or under, or relating to, the leased properties at any time before the applicable lease commencement date. With respect to our Sunrise-managed properties, we have agreed to indemnify Sunrise against any environmental claims (including penalties and clean-up costs) resulting from any condition on those properties, unless Sunrise caused or contributed to that condition.

 

We did not make any material capital expenditures in connection with environmental, health, and safety laws, ordinances and regulations in 2010 and do not expect that we will have to make any such material capital expenditures during 2011.

CERTAIN U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

 

The following discussion summarizes certain U.S. federal income tax considerations that you may deem relevant as a holder of our common stock. It is not tax advice, nor does it purport to address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to particular stockholders in light of their personal circumstances or to certain types of stockholders that may be subject to special rules, such as insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations (except to the extent discussed below under “— Treatment of Tax-Exempt Stockholders”), financial institutions, pass-through entities (or investors in such entities) or broker-dealers, and non-U.S. persons and foreign corporations (except to the extent discussed below under “— Special Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Stockholders”).

 

The statements in this section are based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), U.S. Treasury Regulations and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof. The laws governing the U.S. federal income tax treatment of REITs and their stockholders are highly technical and complex, and this discussion is qualified in its entirety by the authorities listed above, as in effect on the date hereof. We cannot assure you that new laws, interpretations of law or court decisions, any of which may take effect retroactively, will not cause any statement herein to be inaccurate.

 

Federal Income Taxation of Ventas

 

We elected REIT status beginning with the year ended December 31, 1999. Beginning with the 1999 tax year, we believe that we have satisfied the requirements to qualify as a REIT, and we intend to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. If we continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on net income that we currently distribute to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (i.e., taxation at both the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from investment in a corporation.

 

Notwithstanding such qualification, we will be subject to federal income tax on any undistributed taxable income, including undistributed net capital gains, at regular corporate rates. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% excise tax if we do not satisfy specific REIT distribution requirements. See “— Requirements for Qualification as a REIT — Annual Distribution Requirements.” Under certain circumstances, we may be subject to the “alternative minimum tax” on our undistributed items of tax preference. If we have net income from the sale or other disposition of “foreclosure property” (see below) held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or certain other non-qualifying income from foreclosure property, we will be subject to tax at the highest corporate rate on that income. See “— Requirements for Qualification as a REIT — Asset Tests.” In addition, if we have net income from “prohibited transactions” (which are, in general, certain sales or other dispositions of property (other than foreclosure property) held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business), that income will be subject to a 100% tax.

 

We may also be subject to “Built-in Gains Tax” on any appreciated asset that we own or acquire that was previously owned by a C corporation (i.e., a corporation generally subject to full corporate-level tax). If we dispose of any such asset and recognize gain on the disposition during the ten-year period immediately after the asset was owned by a C corporation (either prior to our REIT election, or through stock acquisition or merger), then we generally will be subject to regular corporate income tax on the gain equal to the lesser of the recognized gain at the time of disposition or the built-in gain in that asset as of the date it became a REIT asset. Effective January 1, 2009, our Kindred assets were no longer subject to Built-in Gains Tax. The 21 Brookdale assets we acquired in connection with our Provident acquisition will remain subject to Built-in Gains Tax until November 2014.

 

In addition, if we fail to satisfy either of the gross income tests for qualification as a REIT (as discussed below), but still maintain such qualification under the relief provisions of the Code, we will be subject to a 100% tax on the gross income attributable to the amount by which we failed the applicable test, multiplied by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability. If we violate one or more of the REIT asset tests (as discussed below), we may avoid a loss of our REIT status if we qualify under certain relief provisions and, among other things, pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the highest corporate tax rate multiplied by the net income generated by the non-qualifying asset during a specified period. If we fail to satisfy any requirement for REIT

qualification, other than the gross income or assets tests mentioned above, but nonetheless maintain such qualification by meeting certain other requirements, we may be subject to a $50,000 penalty for each failure. Finally, we will incur a 100% excise tax on certain transactions with a taxable REIT subsidiary that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis.

 

See “— Requirements for Qualification as a REIT” below for other circumstances in which we may be required to pay federal taxes.

 

Requirements for Qualification as a REIT

 

To qualify as a REIT, we must meet the requirements discussed below relating to our organization, sources of income, nature of assets and distributions of income to stockholders.

 

Organizational Requirements

 

The Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association: (i) that is managed by one or more directors or trustees; (ii) the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest; (iii) that would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for Sections 856 through 859 of the Code; (iv) that is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to certain provisions of the Code; (v) the beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of twelve months, or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year (the “100 Shareholder Rule”); (vi) not more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) during the last half of each taxable year (the “5/50 Rule”); (vii) that makes an election to be a REIT (or has made such election for a previous taxable year) and satisfies all relevant filing and other administrative requirements established by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) that must be met in order to elect and to maintain REIT status; (viii) that uses a calendar year for federal income tax purposes; and (ix) that meets certain other tests, described below, regarding the nature of its income and assets.

 

We believe but cannot assure you that we have satisfied and will continue to satisfy the organizational requirements for qualification as a REIT. Our certificate of incorporation contains certain restrictions on the transfer of our shares that are intended to prevent a concentration of ownership of our stock that would cause us to fail the 5/50 Rule or the 100 Shareholder Rule; however, we cannot assure you that these restrictions will actually prevent such concentration or our failure to qualify as a REIT.

 

In addition, to qualify as a REIT, a corporation may not have (as of the end of the taxable year) any earnings and profits that were accumulated in periods before it elected REIT status. We believe that we have not had any accumulated earnings and profits that are attributable to non-REIT periods, although the IRS is entitled to challenge that determination.

 

Gross Income Tests

 

We must satisfy two annual gross income requirements to qualify as a REIT:

 

 

We believe but cannot assure you that we have been and will continue to be in compliance with the gross income tests described above. If we fail to satisfy one or both gross income tests for any taxable year, we may nevertheless qualify as a REIT for that year if we qualify under certain relief provisions of the Code, in which

case we would be subject to a 100% tax on the income exceeding one or both of the gross income tests. If we fail to satisfy one or both of the gross income tests and do not qualify under the relief provisions for any taxable year, we will not qualify as a REIT for that year, which would have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Asset Tests

 

At the close of each quarter of our taxable year, we must satisfy the following tests relating to the nature of our assets:

 

 

In addition, no more than 25% of the value of our assets can be represented by securities of taxable REIT subsidiaries (the “25% TRS test”).

 

We believe but cannot assure you that we have been and will continue to be in compliance with the asset tests described above. If we fail to satisfy the asset tests at the end of our second, third or fourth calendar quarter, we may nevertheless continue to qualify as a REIT if we satisfied all of the asset tests at the close of the preceding calendar quarter and the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset test requirements is due to changes in the market values of our assets and not in any part caused by an acquisition of non-qualifying assets.

 

Furthermore, if we fail to satisfy any of the asset tests at the end of any calendar quarter without curing such failure within 30 days after the end of such quarter, we would fail to qualify as a REIT unless we qualified under certain relief provisions enacted as part of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004. Under one relief provision, we would continue to qualify as a REIT if our failure to satisfy the 5% asset test, the 10% voting securities test or the 10% value test is due to the ownership of assets having a total value not exceeding the lesser of 1% of our assets at the end of the relevant quarter or $10 million and we disposed of such assets (or otherwise met such asset tests) within six months after the end of the quarter in which the failure was identified. If we fail to satisfy any of the asset tests for a particular quarter but do not qualify under the relief provision described in the preceding sentence, then we would be deemed to have satisfied the relevant asset test if: (i) following identification of the failure, we filed a schedule with a description of each asset that caused the failure; (ii) the failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect; (iii) we disposed of the non-qualifying asset (or otherwise met the relevant asset test) within six months after the end of the quarter in which the failure was identified; and (iv) we paid a penalty tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the highest corporate tax rate multiplied by the net income generated by the non-qualifying asset during the period beginning on the first date of the failure and ending on the date we disposed of the asset (or otherwise cured the asset test failure). We cannot predict, however, whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions. If we fail to satisfy any of the asset tests and do not qualify for the relief provisions, we will lose our REIT status, which would have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

Foreclosure Property

 

The foreclosure property rules permit us (by our election) to foreclose or repossess properties without being disqualified as a REIT as a result of receiving income that does not qualify under the gross income tests. However, in that case, we would be subject to a corporate tax on the net non-qualifying income from “foreclosure property,” and the after-tax amount would increase the dividends we would be required to distribute to stockholders. See “— Annual Distribution Requirements” below.

 

Foreclosure property treatment will end on the first day on which we enter into a lease of the applicable property that will give rise to income that does not constitute “good REIT” income under Section 856(c)(3) of the Code. In addition, foreclosure property treatment will end if any construction takes place on the property (other than completion of a building or other improvement more than 10% complete before default became imminent). Foreclosure property treatment (other than for qualified healthcare property) is available for an initial period of three years and may, in certain circumstances, be extended for an additional three years. Foreclosure property treatment for qualified healthcare property is available for an initial period of two years and may, in certain circumstances, be extended for an additional four years.

 

Taxable REIT Subsidiaries

 

A taxable REIT subsidiary, or “TRS,” is a corporation subject to tax as a regular C corporation. Generally, a TRS can own assets that cannot be owned by a REIT and can perform tenant services (excluding the direct or indirect operation or management of a lodging or healthcare facility) that would otherwise disqualify the REIT’s rental income under the gross income tests. We are permitted to own up to 100% of a TRS, subject to the 25% TRS test, but there are certain limits on the ability of a TRS to deduct interest payments made to us. In addition, we are subject to a 100% penalty tax on any excess payments that we receive or any excess expenses deducted by the TRS if the economic arrangements between the REIT, the REIT’s tenants and the TRS are not comparable to similar arrangements among unrelated parties.

 

Annual Distribution Requirements

 

In order to be taxed as a REIT, we are required to distribute dividends (other than capital gain dividends) to our stockholders in an amount at least equal to the sum of (i) 90% of our “REIT taxable income” (computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain) and (ii) 90% of the net income (after tax), if any, from foreclosure property, minus the sum of certain items of non-cash income. These dividends must be paid in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if (i) they are declared in October, November or December, payable to stockholders of record on a specified date in any one of those months and actually paid during January of such following year or (ii) they are declared before we timely file our tax return for such year and paid on or before the first regular dividend payment after such declaration, and we elect on our federal income tax return for the prior year to have a specified amount of the subsequent dividend as treated as paid in the prior year. To the extent we do not distribute all of our net capital gain or at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our “REIT taxable income,” as adjusted, we will be subject to tax on the undistributed amount at regular capital gains and ordinary corporate tax rates except to the extent of our net operating loss or capital loss carryforwards. If we pay any Built-in Gains Taxes, those taxes will be deductible in computing REIT taxable income. Moreover, if we fail to distribute during each calendar year (or, in the case of distributions with declaration and record dates falling in the last three months of the calendar year, by the end of January following such calendar year) at least the sum of 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year (other than long-term capital gain we elect to retain and treat as having been distributed to stockholders), and any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the amounts actually distributed.

 

We believe but cannot assure you that we have satisfied the annual distribution requirements for the year of our initial REIT election and each year thereafter through the year ended December 31, 2010. Although we intend to satisfy the annual distribution requirements to continue to qualify as a REIT for the year ending

December 31, 2011 and subsequent years, economic, market, legal, tax or other considerations could limit our ability to meet those requirements.

 

In Revenue Procedure 2010-12, the IRS stated that it would treat stock dividends as distributions for purposes of satisfying the REIT distribution requirements for calendar years 2008 through 2012, provided that stockholders can elect to receive the distribution in either cash or stock, subject to certain limitations. Any stock so distributed would be taxable to the recipient. We may choose to declare stock dividends in accordance with Revenue Procedure 2010-12 or otherwise. We also have net operating loss carryforwards that we can use to reduce our annual distribution requirements. See “Note 12 — Income Taxes” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Failure to Continue to Qualify

 

If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, other than by violating a gross income or asset test for which relief is otherwise available as described above, we would retain our REIT qualification if the failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. We cannot predict, however, whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to the benefit of this relief provision.

 

If our election to be taxed as a REIT is revoked or terminated (e.g., due to a failure to meet the REIT qualification tests without qualifying for any applicable relief provisions), we would be subject to tax (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) on our taxable income at regular corporate rates (for all open tax years beginning with the year our REIT election is revoked or terminated), except to the extent of our net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards, and distributions to stockholders would not be deductible by us, nor would they be required to be made. To the extent of current and accumulated earnings and profits, all distributions to stockholders would be taxable as ordinary income, and, subject to certain limitations in the Code, corporate stockholders may be eligible for the dividends received deduction. In addition, we would be prohibited from re-electing REIT status for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT, unless certain relief provisions of the Code applied. We cannot predict, however, whether we would be entitled to such relief.

 

Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Stockholders

 

As used herein, the term “U.S. Stockholder” refers to any beneficial owner of our common stock that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, a corporation created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia, an estate the income of which is includible in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source, or a trust if (i) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust or (ii) the trust has elected under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations to retain its pre-August 20, 1996 classification as a U.S. person. If an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our common stock, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partners of partnerships holding our stock should consult their tax advisors. This section assumes the U.S. Stockholder holds our common stock as a capital asset.

 

As long as we qualify as a REIT, distributions made to our taxable U.S. Stockholders out of current or accumulated earnings and profits (and not designated as capital gain dividends) generally will be taxable to such U.S. Stockholders as ordinary income and will not be eligible for the qualified dividends rate generally available to non-corporate holders or for the dividends received deduction generally available to corporations. Distributions that are designated as capital gain dividends will be taxed as a capital gain (to the extent such distributions do not exceed our actual net capital gain for the taxable year) without regard to the period for which the stockholder has held its shares. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will not be taxable to a U.S. Stockholder to the extent they do not exceed the adjusted basis of the stockholder’s shares (determined on a share-by-share basis), but rather will reduce the adjusted basis of those shares. To the extent that distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits exceed the

adjusted basis of a stockholder’s shares, such distributions will be included in income as capital gains. The tax rate applicable to such capital gains will depend on the stockholder’s holding period for the shares. Any distribution declared by us and payable to a stockholder of record on a specified date in October, November or December of any year will be treated as both paid by us and received by the stockholder on December 31 of that year, provided that we actually pay the distribution during January of the following calendar year.

 

We may elect to treat all or a part of our undistributed net capital gain as if it had been distributed to our stockholders (including for purposes of the 4% excise tax discussed above under “— Requirements for Qualification as a REIT — Annual Distribution Requirements”). If we make such an election, our stockholders would be required to include in their income as long-term capital gain their proportionate share of our undistributed net capital gain, as designated by us. Each such stockholder would be deemed to have paid its proportionate share of the income tax imposed on us with respect to such undistributed net capital gain, and this amount would be credited or refunded to the stockholder. In addition, the tax basis of the stockholder’s shares would be increased by its proportionate share of undistributed net capital gains included in its income, less its proportionate share of the income tax imposed on us with respect to such gains.

 

Stockholders may not include in their individual income tax returns any of our net operating losses or net capital losses. Instead, we would carry over those losses for potential offset against our future income, subject to certain limitations. Taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of our common stock will not be treated as passive activity income, and, therefore, stockholders generally will not be able to apply any “passive activity losses” (such as losses from certain types of limited partnerships in which the stockholder is a limited partner) against such income. In addition, taxable distributions from us generally will be treated as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitations.

 

We will notify stockholders after the close of our taxable year as to the portions of the distributions attributable to that year that constitute ordinary income, return of capital and capital gain. To the extent a portion of the distribution is designated as a capital gain dividend, we will notify stockholders as to the portion that is a “15% rate gain distribution” and the portion that is an unrecaptured Section 1250 distribution. A 15% rate gain distribution is a capital gain distribution to domestic stockholders that are individuals, estates or trusts that is taxable at a maximum rate of 15%. An unrecaptured Section 1250 gain distribution would be taxable to taxable domestic stockholders that are individuals, estates or trusts at a maximum rate of 25%.

 

Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on the Disposition of Shares of Common Stock

 

In general, a U.S. Stockholder who is not a dealer in securities must treat any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of our common stock as long-term capital gain or loss if the stockholder has held the shares for more than one year, and otherwise as short-term capital gain or loss. However, a U.S. Stockholder must treat any loss upon a sale or exchange of shares of our common stock held for six months or less as a long-term capital loss to the extent of capital gain dividends and any other actual or deemed distributions from us which the stockholder treats as long-term capital gain. All or a portion of any loss that a U.S. Stockholder realizes upon a taxable disposition of our common stock may be disallowed if the stockholder purchases other shares of our common stock within 30 days before or after the disposition.

 

Treatment of Tax-Exempt Stockholders

 

Tax-exempt organizations, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts (collectively, “Exempt Organizations”), generally are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation. However, they are subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). While many investments in real estate generate UBTI, the IRS has issued a published ruling that dividend distributions by a REIT to an exempt employee pension trust do not constitute UBTI, provided that the shares of the REIT are not otherwise used in an unrelated trade or business of the exempt employee pension trust. Based on that ruling, and subject to the exceptions discussed below, amounts distributed by us to Exempt Organizations generally should not constitute UBTI. However, if an Exempt Organization finances its acquisition of our common stock with debt, a portion of its income from us will constitute UBTI pursuant to the “debt-financed property” rules. Furthermore, social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations,

supplemental unemployment benefit trusts and qualified group legal services plans that are exempt from taxation under paragraphs (7), (9), (17) and (20), respectively, of Section 501(c) of the Code are subject to different UBTI rules, which generally require them to characterize distributions from us as UBTI. In addition, in certain circumstances, a pension trust that owns more than 10% of our stock is required to treat a percentage of the dividends from us as UBTI.

 

Special Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Stockholders

 

As used herein, the term “Non-U.S. Stockholder” refers to nonresident alien individuals, foreign corporations, foreign estates and foreign trusts, but does not include any foreign stockholder whose investment in our stock is “effectively connected” with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States. Such a foreign stockholder, in general, will be subject to U.S. federal income tax with respect to its investment in our stock in the same manner as a U.S. Stockholder (subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals). In addition, a foreign corporation receiving income that is treated as effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business also may be subject to an additional 30% “branch profits tax,” unless an applicable tax treaty provides a lower rate or an exemption. Certain certification requirements must be satisfied in order for effectively connected income to be exempt from withholding.

 

Distributions to Non-U.S. Stockholders that are not attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by us of U.S. real property interests and are not designated by us as capital gain dividends (or deemed distributions of retained capital gains) will be treated as dividends of ordinary income to the extent that they are made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. Such distributions ordinarily will be subject to a withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount of the distribution unless an applicable tax treaty reduces or eliminates that tax. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will not be taxable to a Non-U.S. Stockholder to the extent that such distributions do not exceed the adjusted basis of the stockholder’s shares (determined on a share-by-share basis), but rather will reduce the adjusted basis of those shares. To the extent that distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits exceed the adjusted basis of a Non-U.S. Stockholder’s shares, such distributions will give rise to tax liability if the Non-U.S. Stockholder would otherwise be subject to tax on any gain from the sale or disposition of its shares, as described below.

 

We expect to withhold U.S. tax at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of any dividends, other than dividends treated as attributable to gain from sales or exchanges of U.S. real property interests and capital gain dividends, paid to a Non-U.S. Stockholder, unless (i) a lower treaty rate applies and the required IRS Form W-8BEN evidencing eligibility for that reduced rate is filed with us or the appropriate withholding agent or (ii) the Non-U.S. Stockholder files an IRS Form W-8ECI or a successor form with us or the appropriate withholding agent properly claiming that the distributions are effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Stockholder’s conduct of a U.S. trade or business.

 

For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, distributions to a Non-U.S. Stockholder that owns more than 5% of our common shares at any time during the one-year period ending on the date of distribution and that are attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by us of U.S. real property interests will be taxed to the Non-U.S. Stockholder under the provisions of the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 (“FIRPTA”) as if such gain were effectively connected with a U.S. business. Accordingly, a Non-U.S. Stockholder that owns more than 5% of our common shares will be taxed at the normal capital gain rates applicable to a U.S. Stockholder (subject to any applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals). Distributions subject to FIRPTA also may be subject to a 30% branch profits tax if the recipient is a foreign corporate stockholder not entitled to treaty relief or exemption. Under FIRPTA, we are required to withhold 35% (which is higher than the maximum rate on long-term capital gains of non-corporate persons) of any distribution to a Non-U.S. Stockholder that owns more than 5% of our common shares which is or could be designated as a capital gain dividend attributable to U.S. real property interests. Moreover, if we designate previously made distributions as capital gain dividends attributable to U.S. real property interests, subsequent distributions (up to the amount of such prior distributions) will be treated as capital gain dividends subject to FIRPTA withholding. This amount is creditable against the Non-U.S. Stockholder’s FIRPTA tax liability. Capital gain dividends not attributable to

gain on the sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests are not subject to U.S. taxation if there is no withholding requirement.

 

If a Non-U.S. Stockholder does not own more than 5% of our common shares at any time during the one-year period ending on the date of a distribution, the gain will not be considered to be effectively connected with a U.S. business, and the Non-U.S. Stockholder would not be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return by receiving such a distribution. In this case, the distribution will be treated as a REIT dividend to that Non-U.S. Stockholder and taxed as a REIT dividend that is not a capital gain distribution (and subject to possible withholding), as described above. In addition, the branch profits tax will not apply to the distribution. For so long as our common stock continues to be regularly traded on an established securities market, the sale of such stock by any Non-U.S. Stockholder who is not a Five Percent Non-U.S. Stockholder (as defined below) generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax (unless the Non-U.S. Stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for more than 182 days during the taxable year of the sale and certain other conditions apply, in which case such gain will be subject to a 30% tax on a gross basis). A “Five Percent Non-U.S. Stockholder” is a Non-U.S. Stockholder who, at some time during the five-year period preceding such sale or disposition, beneficially owned (including under certain attribution rules) more than 5% of the total fair market value of our common stock (as outstanding from time to time).

 

In general, the sale or other taxable disposition of our common stock by a Five Percent Non-U.S. Stockholder also will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax if we are a “domestically controlled REIT.” A REIT is a “domestically controlled REIT” if, at all times during the five-year period preceding the disposition in question, less than 50% in value of its shares is held directly or indirectly by Non-U.S. Stockholders. Although we believe that we currently qualify as a domestically controlled REIT, because our common stock is publicly traded, we cannot assure you that we currently qualify or will qualify as a domestically controlled REIT at any time in the future. If we do not constitute a domestically controlled REIT, a Five Percent Non-U.S. Stockholder will be taxed in the same manner as a U.S. Stockholder with respect to gain on the sale of our common stock (subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals).

 

Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding Tax

 

Information returns may be filed with the IRS and backup withholding tax may be collected in connection with distributions paid or required to be treated as paid during each calendar year and payments of the proceeds of a sale or other disposition of our common stock. Under the backup withholding rules, a stockholder may be subject to backup withholding at the applicable rate (currently 28% and scheduled to increase to 31% in 2011) with respect to distributions paid and proceeds from a disposition of our common stock unless such holder is a corporation, non-U.S. person or comes within certain other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact or provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. A stockholder who does not provide us with its correct taxpayer identification number also may be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS.

 

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, the U.S. federal income tax liability of persons subject to backup withholding tax will be offset by the amount of tax withheld. If backup withholding tax results in an overpayment of U.S. federal income taxes, a refund or credit may be obtained from the IRS, provided the required information is furnished timely thereto.

 

As a general matter, backup withholding and information reporting will not apply to a payment of the proceeds of a sale of our common stock by or through a foreign office of a foreign broker. Information reporting (but not backup withholding) will apply, however, to a payment of the proceeds of a sale of our common stock by a foreign office of a broker that is a U.S. person, a foreign partnership that derives 50% or more of its gross income for certain periods from the conduct of a trade or business in the United States, or more than 50% of whose capital or profit interests are owned during certain periods by U.S. persons, or a “controlled foreign corporation” for U.S. tax purposes, unless the broker has documentary evidence in its records that the holder is a Non-U.S. Stockholder and certain other conditions are satisfied, or the stockholder

otherwise establishes an exemption. Payment to or through a U.S. office of a broker of the proceeds of a sale of our common stock is subject to both backup withholding and information reporting unless the stockholder certifies under penalties of perjury that the stockholder is a Non-U.S. Stockholder or otherwise establishes an exemption. A stockholder may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules in excess of its U.S. federal income tax liability by timely filing the appropriate claim for a refund with the IRS.

 

Other Tax Consequences

 

State and Local Taxes

 

We and/or our stockholders may be subject to taxation by various states and localities, including those in which we or a stockholder transact business, own property or reside. State and local tax treatment may differ from the federal income tax treatment described above. Consequently, stockholders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the effect of state and local tax laws, in addition to federal, foreign and other tax laws, in connection with an investment in our common stock.

 

Possible Legislative or Other Actions Affecting Tax Consequences

 

You should recognize that future legislative, judicial and administrative actions or decisions, which may be retroactive in effect, could adversely affect our federal income tax treatment or the tax consequences of an investment in shares of our common stock. The rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department, resulting in statutory changes as well as promulgation of new, or revisions to existing, regulations and revised interpretations of established concepts.

 

We cannot predict the likelihood of passage of any new tax legislation or other provisions either directly or indirectly affecting us or our stockholders or the value of an investment in our common stock.

 

 

This section discusses the most significant factors that affect our business, operations and financial condition. It does not describe all risks and uncertainties applicable to us, our industry or ownership of our securities. If any of the following risks, as well as other risks and uncertainties that are not yet identified or that we currently think are not material, actually occur, we could be materially adversely affected. In that event, the value of our securities could decline.

 

We have grouped these risk factors into three general categories:

 

 

Risks Arising from Our Business

 

We depend on Kindred and Brookdale Senior Living for a significant portion of our revenues and operating income; Any inability or unwillingness by Kindred or Brookdale Senior Living to satisfy its obligations under its agreements with us could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

We lease a substantial portion of our properties to Kindred and Brookdale Senior Living, and each of them is a significant source of our total revenues and operating income. Since the Kindred Master Leases and our leases with Brookdale Senior Living are triple-net leases, we depend on Kindred and Brookdale Senior Living not only for rental income, but also to pay insurance, taxes, utilities and maintenance and repair expenses in connection with the leased properties. Any inability or unwillingness by Kindred or Brookdale Senior Living to make rental payments to us or to otherwise satisfy its obligations under its agreements with us could have a Material Adverse Effect on us. In addition, any failure by Kindred or Brookdale Senior Living to effectively conduct its operations or to maintain and improve our properties could adversely affect its

business reputation and its ability to attract and retain patients and residents in our properties, which could have a Material Adverse Effect on us. Kindred and Brookdale Senior Living have also agreed to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless from and against various claims, litigation and liabilities arising in connection with their respective businesses, and we cannot assure you that either Kindred or Brookdale Senior Living will have sufficient assets, income, access to financing and insurance coverage to enable it to satisfy its indemnification obligations.

 

The properties managed by Sunrise account for a significant portion of our revenues and operating income; Adverse developments in Sunrise’s business and affairs or financial condition could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Sunrise currently manages 79 of our seniors housing communities pursuant to long-term management agreements. These properties represent a substantial portion of our portfolio, based on their gross book value, and account for a significant portion of our total revenues and operating income. Although we have various rights as owner under the Sunrise management agreements, we rely on Sunrise’s personnel, good faith, expertise, historical performance, technical resources and information systems, proprietary information and judgment to manage our properties efficiently and effectively. We also rely on Sunrise to set resident fees, to provide accurate property-level financial results for our properties in a timely manner and to otherwise operate those properties in accordance with the terms of our management agreements and in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. For example, we depend on Sunrise’s ability to attract and retain skilled management personnel who are responsible for the day-to-day operations of our seniors housing communities. A shortage of nurses or other trained personnel or general inflationary pressures may force Sunrise to enhance its pay and benefits package to compete effectively for such personnel, and Sunrise may not be able to offset such added costs by increasing the rates charged to residents. Any increase in labor costs and other property operating expenses, any failure by Sunrise to attract and retain qualified personnel, or changes in Sunrise’s senior management could adversely affect the income we receive from our Sunrise-managed communities and have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

In addition, any adverse developments in Sunrise’s business and affairs, financial strength or ability to operate our properties efficiently and effectively could have a Material Adverse Effect on us. If Sunrise experiences any significant financial, legal, accounting or regulatory difficulties due to the weakened economy or otherwise, such difficulties could result in, among other adverse events, acceleration of its indebtedness, the inability to renew or extend its revolving credit facility, the enforcement of default remedies by its counterparties or the commencement of insolvency proceedings under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code by or against Sunrise, any one or a combination of which could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

We face potential adverse consequences of bankruptcy or insolvency by our tenants, operators, borrowers, managers and other obligors.

 

We are exposed to the risk that our tenants, operators, borrowers, managers or other obligors could become bankrupt or insolvent. Although our lease, loan and management agreements provide us with the right to exercise certain remedies in the event of default on the obligations owing to us or upon the occurrence of certain insolvency events, the bankruptcy and insolvency laws afford certain rights to a party that has filed for bankruptcy or reorganization. For example, a debtor-lessee may reject its lease with us in a bankruptcy proceeding. In such a case, our claim against the debtor-lessee for unpaid and future rents would be limited by the statutory cap of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. This statutory cap might be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed under the lease, and it is quite likely that any claim we might have for unpaid rent would not be paid in full. In addition, a debtor-lessee may assert in a bankruptcy proceeding that its lease should be re-characterized as a financing agreement. If such a claim is successful, our rights and remedies as a lender, compared to a landlord, would generally be more limited. Similarly, if a debtor-manager seeks bankruptcy protection, the automatic stay provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code would preclude us from enforcing our remedies against the manager unless relief is first obtained from the court having jurisdiction over the bankruptcy case. In the event of an obligor bankruptcy, we may also be required to fund certain expenses and obligations (e.g., real estate taxes, debt costs and maintenance expenses) to preserve the value of

our properties, avoid the imposition of liens on a property and/or transition a property to a new tenant, operator or manager.

 

We may be unable to reposition our properties on as favorable terms, or at all, if we have to replace any of our tenants or operators, and we may be subject to delays, limitations and expenses in repositioning our assets.

 

We cannot predict whether our tenants will renew existing leases upon their expiration. If the Kindred Master Leases, our leases with Brookdale Senior Living or any of our other leases are not renewed, we would be required to reposition those properties with another tenant or operator. In case of non-renewal, we generally have one year prior to expiration of the lease term to arrange for such repositioning and our tenants are required to continue to perform all of their obligations (including the payment of all rental amounts) for the non-renewed assets until such expiration. However, following expiration of the lease term or in the event we exercise our right to replace a tenant upon a lease default, during any period that we are attempting to locate a suitable replacement tenant or operator, there could be a decrease or cessation of rental payments on those properties. We also might not be successful in identifying suitable replacements or entering into leases with new tenants or operators on a timely basis or on terms as favorable to us as our current leases, if at all, and we may be required to fund certain expenses and obligations (e.g., real estate taxes, debt costs and maintenance expenses) to preserve the value and avoid the imposition of liens on properties while they are being repositioned.

 

Our ability to reposition our properties with another suitable tenant or operator could be significantly delayed or limited by various state licensing receivership, CON or other laws, as well as by the Medicare and Medicaid change-of-ownership rules. We could also incur substantial additional expenses in connection with any licensing, receivership or change-of-ownership proceedings. In the case of our MOBs, our ability to locate suitable replacement tenants could be impaired by the specialized medical uses of those properties, and we may be required to spend substantial amounts to adapt the MOB to other uses. Any such delays, limitations and expenses could adversely impact our ability to collect rent, obtain possession of leased properties or otherwise exercise remedies for tenant default and could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

We have now, and may have in the future, exposure to contingent rent escalators, which can hinder our growth and profitability.

 

We receive a significant portion of our revenues by leasing our assets under long-term triple-net leases in which the rental rate is generally fixed with annual escalations. Certain of our leases contain escalators contingent upon the achievement of specified revenue parameters or based on changes in the Consumer Price Index. If the revenues generated by our triple-net leased properties as a result of weak economic conditions or other factors or the Consumer Price Index does not increase, our revenues attributes to these leases may not increase.

 

The weakened economy could adversely impact our operating income and earnings, as well as the results of operations of our tenants and operators, which could impair their ability to meet their obligations to us.

 

Continued concerns about the U.S. economy and the systemic impact of high unemployment, volatile energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, the U.S. mortgage market and a severely distressed real estate market have contributed to increased market volatility and weakened business and consumer confidence. This difficult operating environment could adversely affect our ability to generate revenues and/or increase our costs at our Sunrise-managed properties, thereby reducing our operating income and earnings. It could also have an adverse impact on the ability of our tenants and operators to maintain occupancy and rates in our properties, which could harm their financial condition. These economic conditions could cause us to experience operating deficiencies at our Sunrise-managed properties and/or cause our tenants and operators to be unable to meet their rental payments and other obligations due to us, which could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

We may be unable to successfully foreclose on the collateral securing our real estate loan investments, and even if we are successful in our foreclosure efforts, we may be unable to successfully reposition the properties, which may adversely affect our ability to recover our investments.

 

If a borrower defaults under any of our mortgage loans, we may have to foreclose on the loan or protect our interest by acquiring title to the property and thereafter making substantial improvements or repairs in order to maximize the property’s investment potential. The borrower may contest enforcement of foreclosure or other remedies, seek bankruptcy protection against our exercise of enforcement or other remedies and/or bring claims for lender liability in response to actions to enforce mortgage obligations. If the borrower seeks bankruptcy protection, the automatic stay provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code would preclude us from enforcing foreclosure or other remedies against the borrower unless relief is first obtained from the court having jurisdiction over the bankruptcy case. Foreclosure-related costs, high loan-to-value ratios or declines in the value of the property may prevent us from realizing an amount equal to our mortgage loans upon foreclosure, and we may be required to record valuation allowance for such losses. Even if we are able to successfully foreclose on the collateral securing our real estate loan investments, we may inherit properties that we are unable to expeditiously reposition with new tenants or operators, if at all, which would adversely affect our ability to recover our investment.

 

We are exposed to various operational risks, liabilities and claims with respect to our operating assets that may adversely affect our ability to generate revenues and/or increase our costs and could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

We are exposed to various operational risks, liabilities and claims with respect to our operating assets, including our Sunrise-managed properties and our MOBs, that may adversely affect our ability to generate revenues and/or increase our costs, thereby reducing our profitability. These risks include fluctuations in occupancy levels, the inability to achieve economic resident fees (including anticipated increases in those fees), rent control regulations, increases in costs of materials, energy, labor (as a result of unionization or otherwise) and services, national and regional economic conditions, the imposition of new or increased taxes, capital expenditure requirements, professional and general liability claims and the availability and costs of professional and general liability insurance. Any one or a combination of these factors could result in operating deficiencies at our operating assets which could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

We may encounter certain risks when implementing our business strategy to pursue investments in, and/or acquisitions or development of, additional seniors housing and/or healthcare assets.

 

We intend to continue to pursue investments in, and/or acquisitions or development of, additional seniors housing and/or healthcare assets domestically and internationally, subject to the contractual restrictions contained in our unsecured revolving credit facilities and the indentures governing our outstanding senior notes. Investments in and acquisitions of these properties, including our pending Atria acquisition, entail general risks associated with any real estate investment, including risks that the investment will fail to perform in accordance with expectations, that the estimates of the cost of improvements necessary for acquired properties will prove inaccurate or that the tenant, operator or manager will fail to meet performance expectations. Furthermore, healthcare properties are often highly customized and may require costly tenant-specific improvements.

 

In addition, any new development projects that we pursue would be subject to risks of construction delays or cost overruns that may increase project costs, new project commencement risks such as receipt of zoning, occupancy and other required governmental approvals and permits and the risk of incurring development costs in connection with projects that are not pursued to completion. Investments in and acquisitions of properties outside the United States would also expose us to legal, economic and market risks associated with operating in foreign countries, such as currency and tax risks. If we incur additional debt or issue equity securities, or both, to finance future investments, acquisitions or development activity (as we intend to do in our pending Atria acquisition), our leverage could increase or our per share financial results could be reduced.

When we attempt to finance, acquire or develop properties, we compete with healthcare providers, other healthcare REITs, healthcare lenders, real estate partnerships, banks, insurance companies, private equity firms and other investors, some of whom may have greater financial resources and lower costs of capital than we do. Our ability to compete successfully for investment and acquisition opportunities is affected by many factors, including our cost of obtaining debt and equity capital at rates comparable to or better than our competitors. Increased competition makes it more challenging for us to identify and successfully capitalize on opportunities that meet our business objectives and could improve the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell, thereby impeding our investment, acquisition and development activities. See “Business — Competition” included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Even if we succeed in identifying and competing for such opportunities, we could encounter unanticipated difficulties and expenditures relating to the properties or businesses we invest in or acquire, the investment or acquisition could divert management’s attention from our existing business, or the value of such investment or acquisition could decrease substantially, some or all of which could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

As we invest in, and/or acquire or develop, additional seniors housing and/or healthcare assets or businesses, we expect that the number of operators of our properties and, potentially, our business segments will increase. We cannot assure you that we will have the capabilities to successfully monitor and manage a portfolio of properties with a growing number of operators and/or manage such businesses. Moreover, in some cases, acquisitions require the integration of companies that have previously operated independently. Successful integration of the operations of those companies will depend primarily on our ability to consolidate operations, systems, procedures and personnel to eliminate redundancies and costs. Potential difficulties we could encounter during integration include the loss of key employees, disruption of our business, possible inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies, and the assumption of unexpected liabilities. In addition, projections of estimated future revenues, costs savings or operating metrics that we develop during the due diligence and integration planning process could prove to be inaccurate. If we experience any of these difficulties, or if we later discover additional liabilities or experience unforeseen costs relating to acquisitions, we might not achieve the economic benefit we expect, which could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Our investments are concentrated in seniors housing and healthcare real estate, making us more vulnerable economically than if our investments were diversified.

 

We invest primarily in real estate — in particular, seniors housing and healthcare properties. This concentration exposes us to all of the risks inherent in investments in real estate to a greater degree than if our portfolio was diversified, and these risks are magnified by the fact that our real estate investments are limited to properties used in the seniors housing or healthcare industries. If the current downturn in the real estate industry continues or intensifies, it could adversely affect the value of our properties and our ability to sell properties for a price or on terms acceptable to us. A downturn in the seniors housing or healthcare industries could negatively impact our operating income and earnings, as well as our operators’ ability to make rental payments to us, which, in turn, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, our ability to quickly sell or exchange any of our properties in response to changes in economic or other conditions will be limited. In addition, transfers of healthcare properties may be subject to regulatory approvals that are not required for transfers of other types of commercial properties. We cannot give any assurances that we will recognize full value for any property that we are required to sell for liquidity reasons. This inability to respond quickly to changes in the performance of our investments could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 

The healthcare industry is highly competitive. The occupancy levels at, and revenues from, our properties depend on the ability of our operators and managers to successfully compete with other operators and managers, including on the bases of scope and quality of care and services provided, reputation and financial condition, physical appearance of the properties, price, and location. We cannot be certain that our operators and managers will be able to achieve and maintain occupancy and rate levels that will enable them to meet all of their obligations to us. Moreover, our operators and managers may encounter increased competition in the future that could limit their ability to attract residents and patients or expand their businesses, which could

materially adversely affect their ability to meet their obligations to us and, in turn, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Furthermore, the healthcare industry is highly regulated, and changes in government regulation and reimbursement in the past have had material adverse consequences on the industry in general, which consequences may not have been contemplated by lawmakers and regulators. We cannot assure you that future changes in government regulation of healthcare will not have a material adverse effect on the healthcare industry, including our seniors housing and healthcare operations, tenants and operators. Our ability to invest in non-seniors housing or non-healthcare properties is restricted by the terms of our unsecured revolving credit facilities, so these adverse effects may be more pronounced than if we diversified our investments outside of real estate or outside of seniors housing or healthcare properties.

 

Our tenants, operators and managers may be adversely affected by increasing healthcare regulation and enforcement.

 

Over the last several years, the regulatory environment surrounding the long-term healthcare industry has intensified both in the amount and type of regulations and in the efforts to enforce those regulations. This is particularly true for large for-profit, multi-facility providers like Kindred, Brookdale Senior Living and Sunrise. The extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations affecting the healthcare industry include those relating to, among other things, licensure, conduct of operations, ownership of facilities, addition of facilities and equipment, allowable costs, services, prices for services, qualified beneficiaries, quality of care, patient rights, fraudulent or abusive behavior, and financial and other arrangements which may be entered into by healthcare providers. Changes in enforcement policies by federal and state governments have resulted in a significant increase in the number of inspections, citations of regulatory deficiencies and other regulatory sanctions, including terminations from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, bars on Medicare and Medicaid payments for new admissions, civil monetary penalties and even criminal penalties. See “Governmental Regulation — Healthcare Regulation” included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

If our tenants, operators and managers fail to comply with the extensive laws, regulations and other requirements applicable to their businesses and the operation of our properties, they could become ineligible to receive reimbursement from governmental and private third-party payor programs, face bans on admissions of new patients or residents, suffer civil and/or criminal penalties and/or be required to make significant changes to their operations. Our tenants, operators and managers also could be forced to expend considerable resources responding to an investigation or other enforcement action under applicable laws or regulations. In such event, the results of operations and financial condition of our tenants, operators and managers and the results of operations of our properties operated or managed by those entities could be adversely affected, which, in turn, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us. We are unable to predict the future course of federal, state and local regulation or legislation, including the Medicare and Medicaid statutes and regulations, or the intensity of enforcement efforts with respect to such regulation and legislation, and any changes in the regulatory framework could likewise have a material adverse effect on our tenants, operators and managers, which, in turn, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Changes in the reimbursement rates or methods of payment from third-party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, could have a material adverse effect on certain of our tenants and operators.

 

Kindred and certain of our other tenants and operators rely on reimbursement from third-party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, for substantially all of their revenues. Various federal and state legislative and regulatory proposals have been made that would implement cost-containment measures that limit payments to healthcare providers. Budget crises and financial shortfalls could also cause states to implement Medicaid rate freezes or cuts. See “Governmental Regulation — Healthcare Regulation” included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, private third-party payors have continued their efforts to control healthcare costs. We cannot assure you that adequate reimbursement levels will be available for services to be provided by Kindred and our other tenants and operators that are currently being reimbursed by Medicare, Medicaid or private payors. Significant limits by governmental and private third-party payors on

the scope of services reimbursed and on reimbursement rates and fees could have a material adverse effect on the liquidity, financial condition and results of operations of certain of our tenants and operators, which could affect adversely their ability to make rental payments under, and otherwise comply with the terms of, their leases with us.

 

We have only limited rights to terminate our management agreements with Sunrise, and we may be unable to replace Sunrise if our management agreements are terminated or not renewed.

 

We and Sunrise are parties to long-term management agreements pursuant to which Sunrise currently provides comprehensive property management services with respect to 79 of our seniors housing communities. Each management agreement has an original term of 30 years commencing as early as 2004, but may be terminated by us upon the occurrence of an event of default by Sunrise in the performance of a material covenant or term thereof (including, in certain circumstances, the revocation of any licenses or certificates necessary for operation), subject in most cases to Sunrise’s rights to cure such defaults. Each management agreement may also be terminated upon the occurrence of certain insolvency events relating to Sunrise. In addition, we may terminate management agreements based on the failure to achieve certain NOI targets or to comply with certain expense control covenants. However, various legal and contractual considerations may limit or delay our exercise of any or all of these termination rights.

 

In the event that our management agreements with Sunrise are terminated for any reason or are not renewed upon expiration of their terms, we will have to find another manager for the properties covered by those agreements. We believe there are a number of qualified national and regional seniors care providers that would be interested in managing our Sunrise-managed properties. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to locate another suitable manager or, if we are successful in locating such a manager, that it will manage the properties effectively. Moreover, any such replacement manager would require approval by the applicable regulatory authority and, in most cases, the mortgage lender of the applicable property. We cannot assure you that such approvals would be granted or that, if granted, the process of seeking such approvals would not cause delay. Any inability or lengthy delay in replacing Sunrise as manager following termination or non-renewal of our management agreements could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Our investments in joint ventures could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority regarding major decisions, our reliance on our joint venture partners’ financial condition, any disputes that may arise between us and our joint venture partners and our exposure to potential losses from the actions of our joint venture partners.

 

As of December 31, 2010, we had controlling interests in six MOBs owned through joint ventures with partners who provide management and leasing services for the properties, and we had noncontrolling interests of between 5% and 20% in 58 MOBs owned through joint ventures with institutional third parties. These joint ventures involve risks not present with respect to our wholly owned properties, including the following:

 

 

 

We may be adversely affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

 

We currently own twelve seniors housing communities in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. As a result, we are subject to fluctuations in U.S. and Canadian exchange rates, which may, from time to time, have an impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Increases or decreases in the value of the Canadian dollar will impact the amount of our net income. In addition, if we increase our international presence through investments in, and/or acquisitions or development of, seniors housing and/or healthcare assets outside the United States, we may transact additional business in currencies other than U.S. or Canadian dollars. Although we may decide to pursue hedging alternatives, including borrowing in local currencies, to protect against foreign currency fluctuations, we cannot assure you that any such fluctuations will not have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Revenues from our senior living operations are dependent on private pay sources; Events which adversely affect the ability of seniors to afford our daily resident fees could cause our occupancy rates, resident fee revenues and results of operations to decline.

 

By and large, assisted and independent living services currently are not reimbursable under government reimbursement programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid. Hence, substantially all of the resident fee revenues generated by our senior living operations are derived from private pay sources consisting of income or assets of residents or their family members. In general, due to the expense associated with building new properties and the staffing and other costs of providing services at these properties, only seniors with income or assets meeting or exceeding the comparable median in the regions where our properties are located typically can afford to pay the daily resident and care fees. The current economic downturn and depressed housing market, as well as other events such as changes in demographics, could adversely affect the ability of seniors to afford these fees. If Sunrise or another manager is unable to attract and retain seniors with sufficient income, assets or other resources required to pay the fees associated with assisted and independent living services, our occupancy rates, resident fee revenues and results of operations could decline, which, in turn, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Our ownership of certain properties subject to ground lease, air rights or other restrictive agreements exposes us to the loss of such properties upon breach or termination of such agreements, limits our uses of these properties and restricts our ability to sell or otherwise transfer such properties.

 

We hold interests in certain of our MOB properties through leasehold interests in the land on which the buildings are located, through leases of air rights for the space above the land on which the buildings are located or through similar agreements, and we may acquire or develop additional properties in the future that are subject to similar ground lease, air rights or other restrictive agreements. Under these agreements, we are exposed to the possibility of losing our interests in the property upon termination or an earlier breach by us. In addition, many of our ground lease, air rights and other restrictive agreements impose significant limitations on our uses of the subject properties and restrict our right to convey our interest in such agreements, which may limit our ability to timely sell or exchange the properties and impair their value.

Overbuilding in markets in which our seniors housing communities and MOBs are located could adversely affect our future occupancy rates, operating margins and profitability.

 

Barriers to entry in the assisted living and MOB industries are not substantial. Consequently, the development of new seniors housing communities or MOBs could outpace demand. If the development of new seniors housing communities or MOBs outpaces demand for those asset types in the markets in which our properties are located, those markets may become saturated and we could experience decreased occupancy, reduced operating margins and lower profitability.

 

Termination of resident lease agreements could adversely affect our revenues and earnings.

 

Applicable regulations governing assisted living communities generally require written resident lease agreements with each resident. Most of these regulations also require that each resident have the right to terminate the resident lease agreement for any reason on reasonable notice. Consistent with these regulations, the resident lease agreements signed by Sunrise with respect to our properties managed by it generally allow residents to terminate their lease agreements on 30 days’ notice. Thus, Sunrise cannot contract with residents to stay for longer periods of time, unlike typical apartment leasing arrangements with terms of up to one year or longer. In addition, the resident turnover rate in our seniors housing communities may be difficult to predict. If a large number of resident lease agreements terminate at or around the same time, and if our units remained unoccupied, then our revenues and earnings could be adversely affected, which, in turn, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Volatility or disruption in the capital markets could prevent our counterparties from satisfying their obligations to us.

 

Uncertainty in the capital markets and tightening of credit markets, similar to that experienced in recent years, could make accessing new capital more challenging and more expensive for our counterparties. Interest rate fluctuations, financial market volatility or credit market disruptions could limit the ability of our tenants, operators and managers to obtain credit to finance their businesses on acceptable terms, which could adversely affect their ability to satisfy their obligations to us. In addition, any difficulty experienced by our other counterparties, such as letters of credit issuers, insurance carriers, banking institutions, title companies and escrow agents, in accessing capital or other sources of funds could prevent such counterparties from remaining viable entities and/or satisfying their obligations to us, which could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

The amount and scope of insurance coverage provided by our policies and policies maintained by our tenants, operators and managers may not adequately insure against losses.

 

We maintain and/or require in our existing leases and other agreements that our tenants, operators and managers maintain all applicable lines of insurance on our properties and their operations. Although we continually review the insurance maintained by us and our tenants, operators and managers and believe the coverage provided to be customary for similarly situated companies in our industry, we cannot assure you that in the future such insurance will be available at a reasonable cost or that we or our tenants, operators and managers will be able to maintain adequate levels of insurance coverage. We also cannot give any assurances as to the future financial viability of our insurers or that the insurance coverage provided will fully cover all losses on our properties upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event.

 

Should an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occur, we could incur substantial liability or lose all or a portion of the capital we have invested in a property, as well as the anticipated future revenues from the property. In such an event, we might nevertheless remain obligated for any mortgage debt or other financial obligations related to the property. We cannot assure you that material uninsured losses, or losses in excess of insurance proceeds, will not occur in the future.

 

As part of our MOB development business, we provide engineering, construction and architectural services, and design, construction or systems failures may result in substantial injury or damage to clients and/or third parties. Injury or damage claims may arise in the ordinary course and may be asserted with respect to ongoing or completed projects. Although we maintain liability insurance, if any claim results in a

loss, we cannot assure you that our insurance coverage would be adequate to cover the loss in full. If we sustain losses in excess of our insurance coverage, we may be required to make a payment for the difference and could lose our investment in, and/or experience reduced profits and cash flows from, the affected MOB, which could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Significant legal actions could subject us or our tenants, operators and managers to increased operating costs and substantial uninsured liabilities, which could materially adversely affect our or their liquidity, financial condition and results of operation.

 

From time to time, we may be directly involved in lawsuits and other legal proceedings. We may also be named as defendants in lawsuits arising out of alleged actions of our tenants, operators and managers for which such tenants, operators and managers have agreed to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless from and against certain claims and liabilities. An unfavorable resolution of pending or future litigation could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Our tenants, operators and managers continue to experience increases in both the frequency and severity of professional liability claims. In addition to large compensatory claims, plaintiffs’ attorneys continue to seek significant punitive damages and attorneys’ fees. Due to the historically high frequency and severity of professional liability claims against healthcare providers, the availability of professional liability insurance has been restricted and the premiums on such insurance coverage remain very high. As a result, the insurance coverage of our tenants, operators and managers might not cover all claims against them or continue to be available to them at a reasonable cost. If our tenants, operators and managers are unable to maintain adequate insurance coverage or are required to pay punitive damages, they may be exposed to substantial liabilities.

 

In addition, many healthcare providers are pursuing different organizational and corporate structures coupled with self-insurance programs that provide less insurance coverage. For example, Kindred insures its professional liability risks, in part, through a wholly owned, limited purpose insurance company, which insures initial losses up to specified coverage levels per occurrence with no aggregate coverage limit. Coverage for losses in excess of those per occurrence levels is maintained through unaffiliated commercial insurance carriers up to an aggregate limit, and all claims in excess of the aggregate limit are then insured by the limited purpose insurance company. Similarly, Sunrise maintains a self-insurance program to cover its general and professional liabilities. Our tenants, operators and managers, like Kindred and Sunrise, that insure any part of their general and professional liability risks through their own captive limited purpose entities generally estimate the future cost of general and professional liability through actuarial studies that rely primarily on historical data. However, due to the rise in the number and severity of professional claims against healthcare providers, these actuarial studies may underestimate the future cost of claims, and reserves for future claims may not be adequate to cover the actual cost of those claims.

 

As a result, the tenants, operators and managers of our properties could incur large funded and unfunded professional liability expense, which could materially adversely affect their liquidity, financial condition and results of operations, and, in turn, their ability to make rental payments under, or otherwise comply with the terms of, their leases with us or, with regard to our Sunrise-managed properties, our results of operations, which could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

The hospitals on whose campuses our MOBs are located and their affiliated health systems could fail to remain competitive or financially viable, which could adversely impact their ability to attract physicians and physician groups to our MOBs.

 

Our MOB operations depend on the viability of the hospitals on or near whose campuses our MOBs are located and their affiliated health systems in order to attract physicians and other healthcare-related clients. The viability of these hospitals, in turn, depends on factors such as the quality and mix of healthcare services provided, competition, demographic trends in the surrounding community, market position and growth potential, as well as the ability of the affiliated health systems to provide economies of scale and access to capital. If a hospital on or near whose campus one of our MOBs is located is unable to meet its financial obligations, and if an affiliated health system is unable to support that hospital, the hospital may not be able to

compete successfully or it could be forced to close or relocate, which could adversely impact its ability to attract physicians and other healthcare-related clients. Because we rely on our proximity to and affiliations with these hospitals to create demand for space in our MOBs, their inability to remain competitive or financially viable, or to attract physicians and physician groups, could materially adversely affect our MOB operations and have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

We may not be able to maintain or expand our relationships with our existing and future hospital and health system clients.

 

The success of our MOB business depends, to a large extent, on our past, current and future relationships with hospital and health system clients. We invest a significant amount of time to develop these relationships, and they have helped us to secure acquisition and development opportunities, as well as other advisory, property management and hospital project management projects, with both new and existing clients. If any of our relationships with hospital or health system clients deteriorates, or if a conflict of interest or non-compete arrangement prevents us from expanding these relationships, our ability to secure new acquisition and development opportunities or other advisory, property management and hospital project management projects could be adversely impacted and our professional reputation within the industry could be damaged.

 

Our MOB development projects, including development projects undertaken on a fee-for-service basis or through our joint ventures, may not yield anticipated returns.

 

A key component of our MOB long-term growth strategy is exploring development opportunities and, when appropriate, making investments in those projects. In deciding whether to make an investment in a particular MOB development, we make certain assumptions regarding the expected future performance of that property. These assumptions are subject to risks normally associated with these projects, including, among others:

 

 

Moreover, in MOB development projects undertaken on a fee-for-service basis, we generally construct properties for clients in exchange for a fixed fee, which creates risks such as the inability to pass on increased labor and construction material costs to our clients, development and construction delays that could give our counterparties the right to receive penalties from us, and bankruptcy or default by our contractors. We attempt

to mitigate these risks by establishing certain limits on our obligations, shifting some of the risk to the general contractor and/or seeking other legal protections.

 

If any of the foregoing risks occur, our MOB development projects, including development projects undertaken on a fee-for-service basis or through our joint ventures, may not yield anticipated returns, which could materially adversely affect our MOB operations and have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Our operators may be sued under a federal whistleblower statute.

 

Our operators who engage in business with the federal government may be sued under a federal whistleblower statute designed to combat fraud and abuse in the healthcare industry. See “Governmental Regulation — Healthcare Regulation” included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These lawsuits can involve significant monetary damages and award bounties to private plaintiffs who successfully bring these suits. If any of these lawsuits were to be brought against our operators, such suits combined with increased operating costs and substantial uninsured liabilities could have a material adverse effect on the operators’ liquidity, financial condition and results of operation and on their ability to make rental payments to us, which, in turn, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

If any of our properties are found to be contaminated, or if we become involved in any environmental disputes, we could incur substantial liabilities and costs.

 

Under federal and state environmental laws and regulations, a current or former owner of real property may be liable for costs related to the investigation, removal and remediation of hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum that are released from or are present at or under, or that are disposed of in connection with such property. Owners of real property may also face other environmental liabilities, including government fines and penalties imposed by regulatory authorities and damages for injuries to persons, property or natural resources. Environmental laws and regulations often impose liability without regard to whether the owner was aware of, or was responsible for, the presence, release or disposal of hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum. In certain circumstances, environmental liability may result from the activities of a current or former operator of the property. Although we are generally indemnified by the current operators of our properties for contamination caused by them, these indemnities may not adequately cover all environmental costs. See “Governmental Regulation — Environmental Regulation” included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to retain key personnel, and the loss of any one of them could adversely impact our business.

 

The success of our business depends, in part, on the leadership and performance of our executive management team and key employees. Our future performance will be substantially dependent on our ability to retain and motivate these individuals. Competition for these individuals is intense, and we cannot give any assurances that we will retain our key officers and employees or that we can attract or retain other highly qualified individuals in the future. Losing any one or more of these persons could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 

Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we are required to provide a report by management on internal control over financial reporting, including management’s assessment of the effectiveness of such control. Changes to our business will necessitate ongoing changes to our internal control systems and processes. Internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Therefore, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely harmed and we could fail to meet our reporting obligations.

If the liabilities we have assumed in connection with acquisitions are greater than expected, or if there are unknown liabilities, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

 

We have assumed certain liabilities in connection with our past acquisitions, such as the Lillibridge acquisition, including, in some cases, contingent liabilities, and we expect to assume certain liabilities in connection with the Atria acquisition, if consummated. As we integrate these acquisitions, we may learn additional information about the seller and assumed liabilities that adversely affects us, such as:

 

 

As a result, we cannot assure you that our past acquisitions will be successful or will not, in fact, harm our business. Among other things, if the liabilities we have assumed are greater than expected, or if there are obligations relating to the acquired properties of which we were not aware at the time we completed the acquisition, our business could be materially adversely affected.

 

Risks Arising from Our Capital Structure

 

Limitations on our ability to access capital could have an adverse effect on our ability to meet our debt payments, make distributions to our stockholders or make future investments necessary to implement our business plan.

 

In order to meet our debt payments, make distributions to our stockholders or make future investments necessary to implement our business plan, we may need to raise additional capital. In recent years, the global capital and credit markets have experienced a period of extraordinary turmoil and upheaval, characterized by the bankruptcy, failure or sale of various financial institutions and an unprecedented level of intervention from the U.S. federal government. This disruption in the credit markets, the repricing of credit risk and the deterioration of the financial and real estate markets created difficult conditions for REITs and other companies to access capital or other sources of funds. These conditions included greater stock price volatility, significantly less liquidity, widening of credit spreads and a lack of price transparency. Although access to capital and other sources of funding improved in 2010, conditions remain difficult and could deteriorate further. We cannot predict for how long access to capital and other sources of funding will remain constrained or the extent to which our results of operation and financial condition may be adversely affected.

 

While we currently have no reason to believe that we will be unable to access our unsecured revolving credit facilities in the future, concern about the stability of the markets generally and the strength of borrowers specifically led many lenders and institutional investors in recent years to reduce and, in some cases, cease funding to borrowers. In addition, the financial institutions that are parties to our unsecured revolving credit facilities might have incurred losses or might have reduced capital reserves on account of their prior lending to borrowers, their holdings of certain mortgage securities or their other financial relationships. As a result, these financial institutions might be or become capital constrained and might tighten their lending standards, or become insolvent. If they experience shortages of capital and liquidity, or if they experience excessive volumes of borrowing requests from other borrowers within a short period of time, these lenders might not be able or willing to honor their funding commitments to us, which would adversely affect our ability to draw on our unsecured revolving credit facilities and, over time, could negatively impact our ability to consummate acquisitions, repay indebtedness as it matures, fund capital expenditures or make distributions to our stockholders. Continued adverse conditions in the credit markets in future years could also adversely affect the availability and terms of future borrowings, renewals or refinancings.

To address any such capital constraints, we could, among other things, (i) obtain commitments from the remaining banks in our lending group or from new banks to fund increased amounts under the terms of our unsecured revolving credit facilities, (ii) access the public capital markets, (iii) obtain secured loans from government-sponsored entities, pension funds or similar sources, (iv) decrease or eliminate distributions to our stockholders or pay taxable stock dividends, and/or (v) delay or cease our acquisition and investment activity. As with other public companies, the availability of debt and equity capital depends, in part, on the trading levels of our bonds and the market price of our common stock, which, in turn, depend upon various market conditions, such as the market’s perception of our financial condition, our growth potential and our current and future earnings and cash distributions, that change from time to time. Our failure to meet the market’s expectation with regard to future earnings and cash distributions would likely adversely affect our bond trading levels and the market price of our common stock. Moreover, a significant downgrade in the ratings assigned to our long-term debt could cause our borrowing costs to increase and impact our ability to access capital. If we cannot access capital at an acceptable cost or at all, we may be required to liquidate one or more investments in properties at times that may not permit us to realize the maximum return on those investments, which could also result in adverse tax consequences to us. Restrictions on our uses and right to transfer our properties under certain healthcare regulations, ground leases, mortgages and other agreements to which our properties may be subject could adversely impact our ability to timely liquidate those investments and could impair the value of our properties. We cannot assure you that we will be able to raise the necessary capital to meet our debt service obligations, make distributions to our stockholders or make future investments necessary to implement our business plan, and the failure to do so could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

We may become more leveraged.

 

As of December 31, 2010, we had approximately $2.9 billion of outstanding indebtedness. The instruments governing our existing indebtedness permit us to incur substantial additional debt, and we may borrow additional funds, which may include secured borrowings. A high level of indebtedness would require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to the payment of debt service, thereby reducing the funds available to implement our business strategy and to make distributions to stockholders. A high level of indebtedness could also have the following consequences:

 

 

In addition, from time to time we mortgage our properties to secure payment of indebtedness. If we are unable to meet our mortgage payments, then the encumbered properties could be foreclosed upon or transferred to the mortgagee with a consequent loss of income and asset value. A foreclosure on one or more of our properties could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

We are exposed to increases in interest rates, which could reduce our profitability and adversely impact our ability to refinance existing debt, sell assets or engage in acquisition and investment activity, and our decision to hedge against interest rate risk might not be effective.

 

We receive a significant portion of our revenues by leasing our assets under long-term triple-net leases in which the rental rate is generally fixed with annual rent escalations, subject to certain limitations. Certain of our debt obligations are floating rate obligations with interest rate and related payments that vary with the movement of LIBOR, Bankers’ Acceptance or other indexes. The generally fixed rate nature of our revenues and the variable rate nature of certain of our obligations create interest rate risk. Although our operating assets

provide a partial hedge against interest rate fluctuations, if interest rates rise, our interest costs for our existing floating rate debt and any new debt we incur would also increase. This increased cost could have the effect of reducing our profitability or making our lease and other revenues insufficient to meet our obligations, and could make the financing of any acquisition or investment activity more costly. Further, rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures or cause us to pay higher rates upon refinancing. An increase in interest rates may also decrease the amount third parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to reposition our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions.

 

We may seek to manage our exposure to interest rate volatility by using hedging arrangements that involve risk, including the risk that counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under these arrangements, that these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes, that the amount of income we may earn from hedging transactions may be limited by federal tax provisions governing REITs, and that these arrangements may result in higher interest rates than we would otherwise have. Moreover, no amount of hedging activity can completely insulate us from the risks associated with changes in interest rates. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate risk, if we choose to engage in such activities, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

 

Covenants in the instruments governing our existing indebtedness limit our operational flexibility, and a covenant breach could materially adversely affect our operations.

 

The terms of the instruments governing our existing indebtedness require us to comply with a number of customary financial and other covenants, such as maintaining debt service coverage, leverage ratios and net worth requirements. Our continued ability to incur additional debt and to conduct business in general is subject to compliance with these covenants, which limit our operational flexibility. Breaches of these covenants could result in defaults under the applicable debt instruments, in addition to any other indebtedness cross-defaulted against such instruments, even if we satisfy our payment obligations. Financial and other covenants that limit our operational flexibility, as well as defaults resulting from our breach of any of these covenants, could have a Material Adverse Effect on us.

 

Risks Arising from Our Status as a REIT

 

Loss of our status as a REIT would have significant adverse consequences to us and the value of our common stock.

 

If we lose our status as a REIT (currently and/or with respect to any tax years for which the statute of limitations has not expired), we will face serious tax consequences that will substantially reduce the funds available for satisfying our obligations and for distribution to our stockholders for each of the years involved because:

 

 

In addition, in such event we would no longer be required to pay dividends to maintain REIT status. As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT also could impair our ability to implement our business strategy and would adversely affect the value of our common stock.

 

Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control may affect our ability to remain qualified as a REIT. In addition, new legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions may adversely affect

our investors or our ability to remain qualified as a REIT for tax purposes. Although we believe that we qualify as a REIT, we cannot assure you that we will continue to qualify or remain qualified as a REIT for tax purposes.

 

The 90% distribution requirement will decrease our liquidity and may limit our ability to engage in otherwise beneficial transactions.

 

To comply with the 90% distribution requirement applicable to REITs and to avoid the nondeductible excise tax, we must make distributions to our stockholders. See “Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Requirements for Qualification as a REIT — Annual Distribution Requirements” included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The indentures governing our outstanding senior notes permit us to make annual distributions to our stockholders in an amount equal to the minimum amount necessary to maintain our REIT status so long as the ratio of our Debt to Adjusted Total Assets (as each term is defined in the indentures) does not exceed 60% and to make additional distributions if we pass certain other financial tests. However, distributions may limit our ability to rely upon rental payments from our properties or subsequently acquired properties to finance investments, acquisitions or new developments.

 

Although we anticipate that we generally will have sufficient cash or liquid assets to enable us to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement, it is possible that, from time to time, we may not have sufficient cash or other liquid assets to meet the 90% distribution requirement. This may be due to timing differences between the actual receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses, on the one hand, and the inclusion of that income and deduction of those expenses in arriving at our taxable income, on the other hand. In addition, non-deductible expenses such as principal amortization or repayments or capital expenditures in excess of non-cash deductions also may cause us to fail to have sufficient cash or liquid assets to enable us to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement.

 

In the event that timing differences occur or we decide to retain cash or to distribute such greater amount as may be necessary to avoid income and excise taxation, we may, if possible, borrow funds, issue additional equity securities, pay taxable stock dividends, distribute other property or securities or engage in a transaction intended to enable us to meet the REIT distribution requirements. Any of these actions may require us to raise additional capital to meet our obligations; however, see “— Risks Arising from Our Capital Structure — Limitations on our ability to access capital could have an adverse effect on our ability to meet our debt payments, make distributions to our stockholders or make future investments necessary to implement our business plan.” The terms of the instruments governing our existing indebtedness restrict our ability to engage in some of these transactions.

 

To preserve our qualification as a REIT, our certificate of incorporation contains ownership limits with respect to our capital stock that may delay, defer or prevent a change of control of our company.

 

To assist us in preserving our qualification as a REIT, our certificate of incorporation provides that if a person acquires beneficial ownership of more than 9.9% of our outstanding preferred stock or 9.0% of our common stock, the shares that are beneficially owned in excess of the applicable limit are considered to be “excess shares” and are automatically deemed transferred to a trust for the benefit of a charitable institution or other qualifying organization selected by our Board of Directors. The trust is entitled to all dividends with respect to the excess shares and the trustee may exercise all voting power over the excess shares. We have the right to buy the excess shares for a purchase price equal to the lesser of (i) the price per share in the transaction that created the excess shares or (ii) the market price on the day we buy the shares, but if we do not purchase them, the trustee of the trust is required to transfer the excess shares at the direction of our Board of Directors. These ownership limits could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

If we decide to pay taxable stock dividends to meet the REIT distribution requirements, your tax liability may be greater than the amount of cash you receive.

 

Under Revenue Procedure 2010-12, the IRS has stated that it will treat stock dividends as distributions for purposes of satisfying the REIT distribution requirements for calendar years 2008 through 2012 if each stockholder can elect to receive the distribution in cash, even if the aggregate cash amount paid to all stockholders is limited, provided certain requirements are met. Accordingly, if we decide to pay a stock dividend in accordance with Revenue Procedure 2010-12, your tax liability with respect to such dividend may be significantly greater than the amount of cash you receive.

 

 

None.

 

 

Seniors Housing and Healthcare Properties

 

As of December 31, 2010, we owned 602 assets: 240 seniors housing communities, 187 skilled nursing facilities, 40 hospitals and 135 MOBs and other properties in 43 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and two Canadian provinces. We believe that the asset class, geographic, revenue source and business model diversity of our portfolio makes us less susceptible to regional economic downturns and adverse changes in regulation or reimbursement rates or methodologies in any single state.

 

At December 31, 2010, we had mortgage loan obligations outstanding in the aggregate principal amount of $1.3 billion, secured by 114 of our properties.

The following table sets forth select information regarding the properties we owned as of December 31, 2010 for each geographic location in which we own property:

 

Corporate Offices

 

We are headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, with additional offices in Louisville, Kentucky, Dallas, Texas and New York, New York. We lease all of our corporate offices.

 

 

The information contained in “Note 15 — Litigation” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 3. Except as set forth therein, we are not a party to, nor is any of our property the subject of, any material pending legal proceedings.

 

 

 

Market Information

 

Our common stock, par value $0.25 per share, is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “VTR.” The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices of our common stock as reported on the NYSE and the dividends declared per share.

 

 

As of February 11, 2011, we had 162,920,524 shares of our common stock outstanding held by approximately 2,900 stockholders of record.

 

Dividends and Distributions

 

We pay regular quarterly dividends to holders of our common stock to comply with the provisions of the Code governing REITs. On February 16, 2011, our Board of Directors declared the first quarterly installment of our 2011 dividend in the amount of $0.575 per share, payable in cash on March 31, 2011 to stockholders of record on March 11, 2011. We expect to distribute at least 100% of our taxable net income to our stockholders for 2011. See “Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Requirements for Qualification as a REIT — Annual Distribution Requirements” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Our Board of Directors normally makes decisions regarding the nature, frequency and amount of our dividends on a quarterly basis. Because the Board considers a number of factors when making these decisions, including our current and future liquidity needs and position, current and projected results from operations and performance and credit quality of our tenants, operators, managers and borrowers, we cannot assure you that we will maintain the policy stated above. Please see “Cautionary Statements” and the risk factors included in

Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of other factors that may affect our distribution policy.

 

Our stockholders may reinvest all or a portion of any cash distribution on their shares of our common stock by participating in our Distribution Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan, subject to the terms of the plan. See “Note 16 — Capital Stock” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Director and Employee Stock Sales

 

Certain of our directors, executive officers and other employees have adopted and may, from time to time in the future, adopt non-discretionary, written trading plans that comply with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, or otherwise monetize their equity-based compensation.

 

Our Amended and Restated Securities Trading Policy generally prohibits our directors, executive officers and other employees from pledging our equity securities to secure “margin loans.”

 

Stock Repurchases

 

The table below summarizes repurchases of our common stock made during the quarter ended December 31, 2010:

 

 

 

Stock Performance Graph

 

The following performance graph compares the cumulative total return (including dividends) to the holders of our common stock from December 31, 2005 through December 31, 2010, with the cumulative total returns of the NYSE Composite Index, the FTSE NAREIT Composite REIT Index (the “Composite REIT Index”), the FTSE NAREIT Healthcare Equity REIT Index (the “Healthcare REIT Index”) and the S&P 500 Index over the same period. The comparison assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2005 in our common stock and in each of the foregoing indexes and assumes reinvestment of dividends, as applicable. We have included the NYSE Composite Index in the performance graph because our common stock is listed on the NYSE. We have included the other indexes (other than the S&P 500 Index, of which we are a member) because we believe that they are either most representative of the industry in which we compete, or otherwise provide a fair basis for comparison with us, and are therefore particularly relevant to an assessment of our performance. The figures in the table below are rounded to the nearest dollar.

 

 

 

You should read the following selected financial data in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as acquisitions, divestitures, changes in accounting policies and other items impact the comparability of the financial data.

 

 

 

 

 

The following discussion and analysis provides information which management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of the consolidated results of operations and financial condition of Ventas, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated or except where the context otherwise requires, “we,” “us” or “our”). You should read this discussion in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis will help you understand:

 

 

Corporate and Operating Environment

 

We are a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) with a geographically diverse portfolio of seniors housing and healthcare properties in the United States and Canada. As of December 31, 2010, our portfolio consisted of 602 assets: 240 seniors housing communities, 187 skilled nursing facilities, 40 hospitals and 135 medical office buildings (“MOBs”) and other properties in 43 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and two Canadian

provinces. With the exception of our seniors housing communities that are managed by independent third parties, such as Sunrise Senior Living, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, “Sunrise”), pursuant to long-term management agreements and certain of our MOBs, other than those acquired in connection with our Lillibridge Healthcare Services, Inc. (“Lillibridge”) acquisition (see “Note 4 — Acquisitions of Real Estate Property” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K), we lease our properties to healthcare operating companies under “triple-net” or “absolute net” leases, which require the tenants to pay all property-related expenses. We also had real estate loan and other investments relating to seniors housing and healthcare companies or properties as of December 31, 2010.

 

Our primary business consists of acquiring, financing and owning seniors housing and healthcare properties and leasing those properties to third parties or operating those properties through independent third-party managers. Through our Lillibridge subsidiary, we also provide management, leasing, marketing, facility development and advisory services to highly rated hospitals and health systems throughout the United States.

 

We currently operate through three reportable business segments: triple-net leased properties, senior living operations and MOB operations. See “Note 19 — Segment Information” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

As of December 31, 2010, we had: 100% ownership interests in 538 of our properties, including all 79 of our seniors housing communities managed by Sunrise; controlling interests in six MOBs owned through joint ventures with partners who provide management and leasing services for the properties; and noncontrolling interests ranging between 5% and 20% in 58 MOBs owned through joint ventures with institutional third party partners. Through our Lillibridge subsidiary, we also managed an additional 31 MOBs for third parties as of December 31, 2010.

 

Our business strategy is comprised of three principal objectives: (1) generating consistent, reliable and growing cash flows; (2) maintaining a well-diversified portfolio; and (3) preserving our investment grade balance sheet and liquidity.

 

Access to external capital is critical to the success of our strategy as it impacts our ability to repay maturing indebtedness and to make future investments. Our access to and cost of capital depend on various factors, including general market conditions, interest rates, credit ratings on our securities, perception of our potential future earnings and cash distributions and the market price of our common stock. Generally, we attempt to match the long-term duration of most of our investments with long-term fixed rate financing. At December 31, 2010, only 5.3% of our consolidated debt was variable rate debt.

 

2010 Operating Highlights

 

2010 Highlights

 

 

 

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 

Our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been prepared in accordance with GAAP set forth in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), as published by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We base these estimates on our experience and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, if our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions or other matters had been different, a different accounting treatment may have been applied, resulting in a different presentation of our financial statements. We periodically re-evaluate our estimates and assumptions, and in the event they prove to be different from actual results, we make adjustments in subsequent periods to reflect more current estimates and assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. We believe that the critical accounting policies described below, among others, affect our more significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our financial statements. For more information regarding our critical accounting policies, see “Note 2 — Accounting Policies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Principles of Consolidation

 

The Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K include our accounts and the accounts of our wholly owned subsidiaries and the joint venture entities over which we exercise control. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation, and net earnings are reduced by the portion of net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests. We apply FASB guidance for arrangements with variable interest entities (“VIEs”), which requires us to identify entities for which control is achieved through means other than voting rights and to determine which business enterprise is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. We consolidate investments in VIEs when we are determined to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE.

 

We must make judgments regarding our level of influence or control over an entity and whether we are (or are not) the primary beneficiary of a VIE. We identify the primary beneficiary of a VIE as the enterprise that has both of the following characteristics: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the entity. We perform this analysis on an ongoing basis, and our ability to make accurate judgments regarding our influence or control over an entity and to determine the primary beneficiary of a VIE affects the presentation of these entities in our Consolidated Financial Statements. In the future, our assumptions may change, which could result in the identification of a different primary beneficiary.

 

Long-Lived Assets and Intangibles

 

We record investments in real estate assets at cost. We account for acquisitions using the purchase method and allocate the cost of the properties acquired among tangible and recognized intangible assets and liabilities based upon their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Recognized intangibles primarily include the value of in-place leases, acquired lease contracts, tenant and customer relationships, trade names/trademarks and goodwill.

 

Our method for allocating the purchase price paid to acquire investments in real estate requires us to make subjective assessments for determining fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. This includes determining the value of the buildings and improvements, land and improvements, ground leases, tenant improvements, in-place leases, above and/or below market leases and any debt assumed. These estimates require significant judgment and in some cases involve complex calculations. These allocation assessments directly impact our results of operations, as amounts allocated to certain assets and liabilities have different depreciation or amortization lives. In addition, we amortize the value assigned to above and/or below

market leases as a component of revenue, unlike in-place leases and other intangibles, which we include in depreciation and amortization in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

 

We estimate the fair value of buildings on an as-if-vacant basis and depreciate the building value over the estimated remaining life of the building. We determine the allocated value of other fixed assets based upon the replacement cost and depreciate such value over the assets’ estimated remaining useful lives. We determine the value of land based on real estate tax assessed values in relation to the total value of the asset, on internal analyses of recently acquired and existing comparable properties within our portfolio or by considering the sales prices of similar properties in recent transactions. The fair value of lease intangibles, if any, reflects (i) the estimated value of any above and/or below market leases, determined by discounting the difference between the estimated current market rent and the in-place rentals, the resulting intangible asset or liability of which is amortized to revenue over the remaining life of the associated lease plus any fixed rate renewal periods, (ii) the estimated value of in-place leases related to the cost to obtain tenants, including tenant allowances, tenant improvements and leasing commissions, and an estimated value of the absorption period to reflect the value of the rents and recovery costs foregone during a reasonable lease-up period, as if the acquired space was vacant, which is amortized over the remaining life of the associated lease, and (iii) the estimated value of any above and/or below market ground leases, determined by discounting the difference between the estimated market rental rate and the in-place lease rate, which is amortized over the remaining life of the associated lease. We estimate the value of tenant or other customer relationships acquired, if any, by considering the nature and extent of existing business relationships with the tenant or customer, growth prospects for developing new business with the tenant or customer, the tenant’s credit quality, expectations of lease renewals with the tenant, and the potential for significant, additional future leasing arrangements with the tenant and amortize that value over the expected life of the associated arrangements or leases, which includes the remaining terms of the related leases and any expected renewal periods. We estimate the value of trade names/trademarks using a royalty rate methodology and amortize the resulting intangible over the estimated useful life. We calculate the fair value of long-term debt by discounting the remaining contractual cash flows on each instrument at the current market rate for those borrowings, which we approximate based on the rate we would expect to incur to replace each instrument on the date of acquisition, and recognize any fair value adjustments related to long-term debt as effective yield adjustments over the remaining term of the instrument. We do not amortize goodwill, which is the excess of the purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets of the acquired business.

 

Impairment of Long-Lived and Intangible Assets

 

We periodically evaluate our long-lived assets, primarily consisting of our investments in real estate, for impairment indicators. If indicators of impairment are present, we evaluate the carrying value of the related real estate investments in relation to the future undiscounted cash flows of the underlying operations, and we adjust the net book value of leased properties and other long-lived assets to fair value if the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows including sales proceeds is less than book value. An impairment loss is recognized at the time we make any such determination. If impairment indicators arise with respect to intangible assets with finite useful lives, we evaluate impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows to be generated by the asset. If estimated future undiscounted net cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, then the fair value of the asset is estimated. We determine the impairment expense by comparing the estimated fair value of the intangible asset to its carrying value and recognize any shortfall from fair value as an expense in the current period. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually, but more frequently if indicators arise. We compare the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned with the reporting unit’s carrying value. The fair values used in this evaluation of goodwill and real estate investments and intangibles are estimated based upon discounted future cash flow projections. These cash flow projections are based upon a number of estimates and assumptions, such as revenue and expense growth rates and discount rates.

Business Combinations

 

For our acquisitions, we measure the assets acquired, liabilities assumed (including contingencies) and any noncontrolling interests at their fair values on the acquisition date. Our acquisition-related transaction costs are included in merger-related expenses and deal costs on our Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009. Prior to January 1, 2009, these costs were capitalized as part of the asset value at the time of the acquisition, as required by FASB guidance in effect at that time.

 

Loans Receivable

 

Loans receivable are stated at the unpaid principal balance net of any deferred origination fees, purchase discounts or premiums and/or valuation allowances. Net deferred origination fees, which are comprised of loan fees collected from the borrower net of certain direct costs, and purchase discounts or premiums are amortized to income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method. We evaluate the collectibility of loans and other amounts receivable from third parties based on a number of factors, including (i) corporate and facility-level financial and operational reports, (ii) compliance with the financial covenants set forth in the applicable loan or lease agreement, (iii) the financial stability of the borrower or tenant and any guarantor, (iv) the payment history of the borrower or tenant, and (v) current economic conditions. Our level of reserves, if any, for loans and other amounts receivable from third parties fluctuates depending upon all of these factors. We record a reserve at the time it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement, including the contractual interest and principal payments of the loan. At the time a reserve is recorded, we typically cease recognizing interest income on the loan.

 

Fair Value

 

We follow FASB guidance that defines fair value and provides direction for measuring fair value and making the necessary disclosures. The guidance emphasizes that fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement, and should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within levels one and two of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions (unobservable inputs classified within level three of the hierarchy).

 

Level one inputs utilize unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access. Level two inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in level one that are directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability. Level two inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as other observable inputs for the asset or liability, such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level three inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on the reporting entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the hierarchy, the level within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Additionally, if an entity determines there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for an asset or liability relative to the normal market activity for such asset or liability (or similar assets or liabilities), then transactions or quoted prices may not accurately reflect fair value. In addition, if there is evidence that the transaction for the asset or liability is not orderly, the entity shall place little, if any, weight on that transaction price as an indicator of fair value. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

 

We record marketable debt and equity securities as available-for-sale and classify them as a component of other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. These securities are recorded at fair market value, with

unrealized gains and losses recorded in stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We report interest income, including discount or premium amortization, on marketable debt securities and gains or losses on securities sold, which are based on the specific identification method, in income from loans and investments on our Consolidated Statements of Income.

 

We determined the fair value of our current investments in marketable securities using level one inputs. We determined the valuation allowance for loan losses based on level three inputs. See “Note 6 — Loans Receivable” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

The estimated fair values of tangible and intangible assets and liabilities recorded in connection with business combinations are based on level three inputs. We estimate fair values based on cash flow projections utilizing appropriate discount and/or capitalization rates and available market information.

 

We determine impairment in real estate investments, including intangibles and goodwill, utilizing cash flow projections that apply estimated revenue and expense growth rates, discount rates and capitalization rates, which are classified as level three inputs.

 

We also follow FASB guidance requiring entities to separate an other-than-temporary impairment of a fixed maturity security into two components when (i) there are credit losses associated with the security that management asserts that it does not have an intent to sell and (ii) it is more likely than not that the entity will not be required to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis. The amount of the other-than-temporary impairment related to a credit loss is recognized in earnings, and the amount of the other-than-temporary impairment related to other factors is recorded in other comprehensive loss. We have not recognized any other-than-temporary impairments.

 

Revenue Recognition

 

Certain of our leases, including the majority of our leases with Brookdale Senior Living and the majority of our MOB leases, provide for periodic and determinable increases in base rent. We recognize base rental revenues under these leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the applicable lease. Income on our straight-line revenue is recognized when collectibility is reasonably assured, and in the event we determine that collectibility of straight-line revenue is not reasonably assured, we establish an allowance for estimated losses. Recognizing rental income on a straight-line basis results in recognized revenue exceeding cash amounts contractually due from our tenants during the first half of the term for leases that have straight-line treatment.

 

Our master lease agreements with Kindred (the “Kindred Master Leases”) and certain of our other leases provide for an annual increase in rental payments only if certain revenue parameters or other substantive contingencies are met. We recognize the increased rental revenue under these leases only if such parameters or contingencies are met, rather than on a straight-line basis over the term of the applicable lease.

 

We recognize income from rent, lease termination fees, management advisory services and all other income once all of the following criteria are met in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) Staff Accounting Bulletin 104: (i) the applicable agreement has been fully executed and delivered; (ii) services have been rendered; (iii) the amount is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectibility is reasonably assured.

 

We recognize resident fees and services, other than move-in fees, monthly as services are provided. We recognize move-in fees on a straight-line basis over the term of the applicable lease agreement. Lease agreements with residents generally have a term of one year and are cancelable by the resident with 30 days’ notice.

Federal Income Tax

 

Since we have elected to be treated as a REIT under the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), we made no provision for federal income tax purposes prior to our acquisition of the assets of Sunrise Senior Living Real Estate Investment Trust (“Sunrise REIT”) in April 2007. As a result of the Sunrise REIT acquisition, we now record income tax expense or benefit with respect to certain of our entities which are taxed as “taxable REIT subsidiaries” under provisions similar to those applicable to regular corporations and not under the REIT provisions.

 

We account for deferred income taxes using the asset and liability method and recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in our financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, we determine deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. An increase or decrease in the deferred tax liability that results from a change in circumstances, and which causes a change in our judgment about expected future tax consequences of events, would be included in the tax provision when such changes occur. Deferred income taxes also reflect the impact of operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. A valuation allowance is provided if we believe it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. An increase or decrease in the valuation allowance that results from a change in circumstances, and which causes a change in our judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset, would be included in the tax provision when such changes occur.

 

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

 

On December 21, 2010, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2010-29, which impacts any public entity that enters into business combinations that are material on an individual or aggregate basis. The guidance specifies that if a public entity presents comparative financial statements, the entity should disclose revenues and earnings of the combined entity as though the business combination(s) that occurred during the year had occurred at the beginning of the prior annual period when preparing the pro forma financial information for both the current and prior reporting periods. The guidance also requires that pro forma disclosures be accompanied by a narrative description regarding the nature and amount of material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination included in reported pro forma revenues and earnings. This guidance is effective for business combinations consummated in periods beginning after December 15, 2010. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2011. We do not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

Results of Operations

 

As of December 31, 2010, we operated through three reportable business segments: triple-net leased properties, senior living operations and MOB operations. Our triple-net leased properties segment consists of acquiring and owning seniors housing and healthcare properties in the United States and leasing those properties to healthcare operating companies under “triple-net” or “absolute-net” leases, which require the tenants to pay all property-related expenses. Our senior living operations segment primarily consists of investments in seniors housing communities located in the United States and Canada for which we engage independent third parties, such as Sunrise, to manage the operations. Our MOB operations segment primarily consists of acquiring, owning, developing, leasing and managing MOBs.

 

With the addition of the Lillibridge businesses and properties in July 2010, we believed the segregation of our MOB operations into its own reporting segment would be useful in assessing the performance of this portion of our business in the same way that management intends to review our performance and make operating decisions. Prior to the acquisition, we operated through two reportable segments: triple-net leased properties and senior living operations.

Years Ended December 31, 2010 and 2009

 

The table below shows our results of operations for each year and the dollar and percentage changes in those results from year to year.

 

 

 

nm — not meaningful

 

Segment NOI — Triple-Net Leased Properties