Most Americans are familiar, at least in passing, with the phrase, "You have the right to remain silent."
And on this day in history, June 13, 1966, this right was announced by the U.S. Supreme Court as a principle of American law in the landmark case Miranda v. Arizona.
In a 5-4 decision in the 1966 case, the nation’s high court ruled that an arrested individual is entitled to rights against self-incrimination and to an attorney under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments of the United States Constitution.
Miranda v. Arizona culminated in the famed "Miranda rights" requirement during arrests, according to the Library of Congress.
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In the Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court case, it was held that the custodial interrogation of an individual must be accompanied by an instruction that the person has the right to remain silent; that any statements the person makes can be used against that person; and that the individual has the right to legal counsel, either retained or appointed, notes the Cornell University School of Law website.
"Absent these safeguards, statements made in this context will be inadmissible in court. These rights have since become known as the Miranda Rights," that site also noted.
The landmark case originated in Phoenix, Arizona. It involved a young man named Ernesto Arturo Miranda, who was arrested in 1963 based on circumstantial evidence that he had committed a kidnapping and rape, according to the Florida Supreme Court website.
Miranda was brought to police headquarters in Phoenix for questioning, and after a police lineup, law enforcement officers led Miranda to believe he had been positively identified, the site also says.
He was then interrogated by police officers for two hours, which resulted in a signed, written confession, according to the Office of the U.S. Courts on behalf of the Federal Judiciary.
At trial, the oral and written confessions were presented to the jury.
Miranda was found guilty of kidnapping and rape and was sentenced to 20-30 years imprisonment on each count, the Office of the U.S. Courts also says.
On appeal, the Supreme Court of Arizona "held that Miranda’s constitutional rights were not violated in obtaining the confession," says the Office of the U.S. Courts.
However, "Miranda’s case caught the eye of an attorney with the Phoenix chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, Robert Corcoran," History.com says.
"Corcoran reached out to prominent Arizona trial lawyer John J. Flynn, who took over the case and recruited his colleague and expert in constitutional law, John P. Frank, to assist in an appeal to the United States Supreme Court."
There were two legal issues at hand. First, the Fifth Amendment says that people cannot be forced to be a witness against themselves.
Second, the Sixth Amendment gives everyone the right to assistance by an attorney whenever they are accused of a crime, as the Florida Supreme Court outlines on its website.
Chief Justice Earl Warren specified new guidelines to ensure "that the individual is accorded his privilege under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution not to be compelled to incriminate himself."
The wording used when a person is read the Miranda Warning, also known as being "Mirandized," is clear and direct, according to MirandaWarning.org.
The specific wording is this: "You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for you. Do you understand the rights I have just read to you? With these rights in mind, do you wish to speak to me?" the Miranda Warning site notes.
Chief Justice Warren also declared that police may not question (or continue questioning) a suspect in custody if at any stage of the process he "indicates in any manner that he does not wish to be interrogated" or "indicates in any manner … that he wishes to consult with an attorney," according to Britannica.com.
Although suspects may waive their rights to remain silent and to consult an attorney, their waivers are valid (for the purpose of using their statements in court) only if they were performed "voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently."
If police fail to give that warning, any confession they obtain from the suspect can then be challenged at trial or on appeal, according to the Florida Supreme Court’s website.
Important, too, is the understanding that the Miranda warning is only to be used by law enforcement when a person is in police custody (and usually under arrest) and about to be questioned, says the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia.
"Anything you say to an investigator or police officer before you’re taken into custody — and read your Miranda rights — can be used in a court of law, which includes interviews where a person is free to leave the premises and conversations at the scene of an alleged crime," the center also says.
Following the ruling, the Supreme Court overturned Miranda’s conviction, but Miranda was retried and convicted in October 1966.
Remaining in prison until 1972, Ernesto Miranda was later stabbed to death in a bar after a poker game in January 1976, says History.com.
"As a result of the case against Miranda, each and every person must now be informed of his or her rights when in custody and about to be interrogated," the site also says.
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More recently, on June 23, 2022, the Supreme Court ruled that law enforcement officers may not be sued for damages under federal civil rights law for failing to issue the Miranda warning to suspects, the same site adds.
