The United States Military Academy at West Point, which has trained generations of American leaders to serve from the battlefield to the White House, was established on this day in history, March 16, 1802.
Its graduates pioneered America's way west and mankind's path into the heavens.
The academy's creation was part of the Military Peace Establishment Act, introduced by Massachusetts Congressman Joseph Varnum, and signed into law by President Thomas Jefferson.
"Congress established a separate Corps of Engineers to be located at West Point, New York, and constituted it as a military academy with the Chief Engineer serving as superintendent," writes the website of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
"This action, taken at a time when the overall size of the Army was reduced, placed the Corps on permanent footing and capped a quarter-century of efforts to provide professional training for officers."
The United States Military Academy opened for instruction on July 4. Massachusetts native Joseph Gardner Swift was its first graduate.
West Point, as its commonly known, stands today as the world's premier institute of military training and also one of its top engineering schools.
The academy attracts the best and brightest patriotic young Americans from coast to coast.
"West Point grads designed almost all early American railways, roads, and bridges as it was the only engineering college in the country until 1824," writes the American Battlefield Trust.
West Point grads in the 20th century proved essential to the NASA space program. Two of the three astronauts on Apollo 11, the first mission to put men on the lunar surface, were West Point graduates: command module pilot Michael Collins (Class of 1952) and moon walker Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin (1951).
West Point occupies a strategic location on a dramatic west-bank bluff overlooking a bend in the Hudson River, about 60 miles north of New York City.
The river is navigable all the way to Albany, about 100 miles further north, which added to the waterway's strategic importance during the fight for independence.
The British saw control of the Hudson as a way to drive a wedge between New England and the rest of the colonies. West Point stood in the way of their ambitions.
"West Point had a major role in our nation’s history during the American Revolution," the United States Military Academy writes in its online history.
"American Continental Line soldiers constructed forts, gun batteries, redoubts and installed a 65-ton iron chain across the Hudson to block British invasions along the river."
West Point is "first in magnitude and importance … and in all probability the real [object] of the enemy’s designs," Gen. George Washington wrote as the British made probing attacks up the river.
The garrison was the center of perhaps the most infamous act of treason in American history.
Major General Benedict Arnold, a hero of the early years of the American Revolution, offered to trade West Point to the Redcoats in 1780 in exchange for £20,000 British pounds.
ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY, SEPT. 21, 1780, BENEDICT ARNOLD BETRAYS CAUSE OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
His betrayal was uncovered, West Point was saved and British conspirator Major John Andre was captured and executed.
Arnold escaped to England, his name forever tarnished in America.
The ignominious act merely reinforced the importance placed on West Point by military commanders on both sides of the conflict.
Coupled with its location on a major avenue of transportation, and its proximity to New York – rapidly becoming the nation's largest city – West Point was an obvious choice for the site of the United States Military Academy.
West Point has produced a long list of the nation's most celebrated military officers. Among them: "Buffalo Soldier" Henry O. Flipper (class of 1877), the academy's first black graduate; World War I American Expeditionary Force leader Gen. John J. Pershing (1886); and World War II hero George S. Patton (1909).
Confederate generals Robert E. Lee (1829) and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson (1846), two of the most skilled battlefield commanders in American history, were also West Point graduates. Lee was superintendent of the United States Military Academy from 1852 to 1855.
West Point has produced 83 Medal of Honor recipients, more than any other institution of higher learning, and two U.S. presidents.
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Ulysses S. Grant (1843) led the Union army to victory in the Civil War and served as president from 1869 to 1877.
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1915) was the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe in World War II and served as president from 1953 to 1961.
West Point today is the oldest continuously occupied regular army post in the United States.
It boasts about 4,400 students and produces approximately 900 lieutenants each year, about 20 percent of the new officers required annually by the Army.
"From the day of its founding on March 16, 1802, West Point has grown in its size and stature, but it remains committed to the task of producing commissioned leaders of character for America's Army," the United States Military Academy proclaims online.
"Guided by its timeless motto, ‘Duty, Honor, Country,’ the Academy is poised confidently to provide the Army and the nation with its third century of service."
